Georgia and the American Experience

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Transcript Georgia and the American Experience

Georgia
and the American Experience
Chapter 9: 1866-1889
Reconstruction and the
New South
Study Presentation
© 2005 Clairmont Press
Section 1: Lincoln and
Reconstruction
Section 2: Reconstruction in
Georgia
Section 3: Georgia’s Redemption
Years
Section 4: The New South
© 2005 Clairmont Press
Section 1:
Lincoln and Reconstruction
• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
–What were Lincoln’s plans for
rebuilding the South after the Civil
War?
Section 1:
Lincoln and Reconstruction
• What words do I need to know?
– freedmen
– Freedmen’s Bureau
– Reconstruction
– disfranchise
– Thirteenth Amendment
– Nullify
– assassinated
Section 1:
Lincoln and Reconstruction
• What people do I need to know?
–Abraham Lincoln
–John Wilkes Booth
–Andrew Johnson
John Wilkes Booth
Andrew Johnson
Conditions in Georgia at the end
of the war:
• farms were in ruins
• homes, railways, bridges,roads were
destroyed or in need of repair
• not enough food
• banks were closed – Confederate money
was worthless
• the state owed $20,000,000 in war debt
• 25,000 Georgians had died of wounds or
disease – many more were crippled and
could not work
Richmond, Virginia
The Freedmen
• Problems of freedmen (former slaves):
– homeless
– hungry
– uneducated
– free for the 1st time
– no property or goods
• Many former slaves feared re-enslavement
• Most whites had difficulty treating freeman
as free persons
The Freedmen’s Bureau
• Started as the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen,
and Abandoned Lands by U.S. government in
1865
• Its job was to help freed slaves and poor whites
with basic needs of food, clothing, and shelter
• The purpose shifted to education
– Set up 4,000 primary schools
– Started industrial schools for jobs training
– Started teacher-training schools
• Missionaries started schools like Atlanta
University, Morehouse College, and Clark College
Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction
• Lincoln wanted to rebuild and return the south to
the Union as soon as possible
• “Reconstruction” would have two parts:
1.Southerners would be pardoned after taking an oath of
allegiance;
2.When 10% of voters had taken the oath, the state could rejoin
the Union and form a state government.
• Lincoln was assassinated in April 1865 during a
play at Ford’s Theater by actor John Wilkes
Booth.
• Vice President Andrew Johnson took over as
President.
Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction
• Lincoln’s plan to reconstruct the south was
challenged. Some northerners called
“Radical Republicans” thought the south
should be more severely punished.
• The Radical Republicans wanted to make
sure the freedmen retained their new rights.
• Confederate President Jefferson Davis was
captured and imprisoned.
Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan
• In addition to Lincoln’s requirements,
President Johnson added a few more.
Southern states had to:
– approve (ratify) the 13th Amendment (outlawing
slavery);
– nullify their ordinances of secession;
– promise not to repay money borrowed during
the war.
Click to return to the Table of Contents
Section 2:
Reconstruction in Georgia
• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
– What changes occurred in Georgia
during Reconstruction?
Section 2:
Reconstruction in Georgia
• What words do I need to know?
– provisional
– discrimination
– Black Codes
– Fourteenth Amendment
– carpetbagger
– scalawag
– Ku Klux Klan
Section 2:
Reconstruction in Georgia
• What words do I need to know?
– suffrage
– Georgia Act
– Fifteenth Amendment
– impeach
– sharecropping
– credit
– tenant farming
Section 2:
Reconstruction in Georgia
• What people do I need to know?
–James Johnson
–General John Pope
–Henry McNeal Turner
The Constitutional Convention of 1865
• President Johnson appointed James
Johnson as Georgia’s provisional Governor.
• Governor Johnson held a Constitutional
Convention. The representatives voted to
abolish slavery and repeal the ordinance of
secession.
• Elections were held in November 1865 for a
new legislature.
• The General Assembly voted to extend
rights to freedmen.
Congressional Reconstruction
• Congress was angry about Georgia’s Black
Codes, so it passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866.
This law gave:
– citizenship to all freedmen;
– the federal government power to intervene any
time civil rights were taken from freedmen.
• The 14th Amendment was passed granting
citizenship to freedmen and required “equal
protection under the law.”
Congressional Reconstruction
• Congress required southern states to ratify the
14th Amendment.
• Georgia and most of the other southern states
refused.
• Congress abolished these states’ governments
and put them under military rule.
• Georgia was ruled by General John Pope.
• Pope was required to register all male voters –
black and white. These voters would elect new
representatives to form a new state government.
General John Pope
Constitutional Convention of 1867
• Georgia male voters elected delegates to the
convention to create a new state constitution.
• Delegates were carpetbaggers (northerners who
had moved south), scalawags (southerners who
sided with the Republicans), and blacks.
• Accomplishments of the Convention:
– A new constitution ensuring civil rights for all citizens;
– Free public education for all children;
– Women were allowed to control their own property.
• Georgia had satisfied Congress, so General Pope
and his troops left the state.
Carpetbaggers
Black Codes
• Black Codes were laws passed to keep
freedmen from having the same rights as
whites.
– Didn’t allow blacks: the same jobs as
whites, the right to vote, the right to marry
a white person, jury service, or the right to
testify.
– Blacks could be: whipped as punishment,
forced to work from sunrise to sunset six
days per week, or put in jail if they didn’t
have a job.
African Americans in Politics
• The election of 1867 was the first time African
Americans had voted.
• Several African Americans were elected to
Georgia’s General Assembly.
• Rev. Henry McNeal Turner was one of the first
black men elected in Georgia.
• The African Americans elected to the General
Assembly were expelled in 1868.
• It was argued by whites that civil rights laws gave
blacks the right to vote but not to be elected.
Ku Klux Klan
• Secret organization – originally started as a
social club for men returning from the war.
• Members hid behind robes and masks.
• The group terrorized blacks to keep them
from voting.
• As a result, Congress passed “The Georgia
Act” and sent troops back to Georgia.
• The act required Georgia to pass the 15th
Amendment giving all males the right to
vote.
KKK
Economic Reconstruction
• Without slaves, landowners needed laborers to
work their large farms.
• Two systems emerged: tenant farming and
sharecropping.
• Cotton was Georgia’s most important crop.
• Continuous growing of tobacco and cotton ruined
the soil on many farms.
• Railroads expanded across the state.
• Savannah and Brunswick became important
shipping ports.
• Atlanta began its growth into an important
business center.
Tenant Farming and
Sharecropping
Sharecropping
Landowner provides a house, land,
equipment, animals, fertilizer and
seeds.
The landowner issued credit to the
worker to buy medicine, food,
clothing and other supplies.
The landowner gets a share of the
crop and crops to pay any debt
owed.
Sharecroppers rarely had any cash.
Tenant Farming
Landowner provides house and
land.
Landowner received a set amount
of cash or a portion of the crop at
the end of the season.
Tenant farmers usually made a
small profit.
The End of Reconstruction
• The African Americans who had been
expelled from the General Assembly in
1868 were readmitted by the Georgia
Supreme Court in 1870.
• The Assembly approved the 14th and 15th
Amendments.
• Georgia was readmitted to the Union,
again, ending Reconstruction.
Click to return to the Table of Contents
Section 3:
Georgia’s Redemption
Years
• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
– How did Georgians work to improve
their state after Reconstruction?
Section 3:
Georgia’s Redemption
Years
• What words do I need to know?
– redemption
– white supremacy
– Bourbon Triumvirate
– ally
– temperance
– convict lease system
Section 3:
Georgia’s Redemption Years
• What people do I need to know?
–Joseph E. Brown
–Alfred H. Colquitt
–John B. Gordon
–Rebecca Latimer Felton
–Tom Watson
–Leo Frank
The Bourbon Triumvirate
• Democrats controlled Georgia’s government after
Reconstruction.
• Powerful Democratic leaders, known as the
“Bourbon Triumvirate” were Joseph E. Brown,
Alfred H. Colquitt, and John B. Gordon.
• Their goals were:
– expand Georgia’s economy and ties with
industries in the North;
– maintain the tradition of white supremacy.
Decline of the Bourbon Triumvirate
• “Independent Democrats” criticized the Bourbons
for not attending to the needs of the poor or
improve education and working conditions in
factories.
• Leaders William and Rebecca Felton worked to
improve conditions for poor Georgians using
newspapers to highlight problems in the state.
• The convict lease system “rented” prisoners to
companies to use as workers. It took many years
for the poor conditions the prisoners endured to
be brought to light and changed.
Click to return to the Table of Contents
Section 4:
The New South
• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
–What changes occurred to create the
era of the “New South” in Georgia?
Section 4:
The New South
• What words do I need to know?
– New South
– normal school
– segregation
– Grange
– Farmers’ Alliance
– co-op
Section 4:
The New South
• What people do I need to know?
–Henry Grady
–Joel Chandler Harris
–Sidney Lanier
–Charles Henry Smith
The New South Era
• Challengers to the Bourbon Triumvirate wanted
Georgia to be more industrialized.
• Henry Grady was a speaker and newspaper
editor.
• Grady described Georgia as a place which could
have competitive industry and more efficient
farming.
• Grady envisioned improved race relations in a
“New South” which left its antebellum past behind.
Education in the New South Era
• Funding to provide elementary education for all
children in Georgia grew slowly from 1868-1895.
• Teachers were paid a little more than farm hands
and had little or no training.
• Normal schools were started to train more
teachers.
• The “school year” was only three months long
which allowed children to work on farms or in
factories.
• The state constitution of 1877 did not allow for
school beyond 8th grade and segregated black
and white students.
The Arts of the New South Era
• Several Georgians gained fame for their work as
writers:
– Joel Chandler Harris’ most famous work was
Uncle Remus: His Sayings and Stories;
– Sidney Lanier was one of the best known poets
of his time;
– Charles Henry Smith wrote satire for
newspapers in Georgia.
Agriculture in the New South Era
• Crop prices declined through the 1870s.
• The Grange and the Farmers’ Alliance started out
as social groups but began to reorganize to put
pressure on lawmakers to find ways to help
farmers.
• Georgia created the first state to have a
Department of Agriculture.
• Co-ops allowed farmers to work together to buy
goods and equipment at a lower cost.
Click to return to the Table of Contents
Click to return to the Table of Contents