Transcript PowerPoint 프레젠테이션

MEDIA AND WOMEN’S ECONOMIC PROGRESS
- Korean Case
JOANNE LEE
May 29, 2004
GLOBAL SUMMIT OF WOMEN
SEOUL, KOREA
CONTENT
1. Preface
2. Status of Women in Korean Economy
In General
Historical Overview
Barriers
Changing Issues
3. Policy & Institutional Reforms
1994 Beijing Platform for Action
1997 Asian Financial Crisis
4. Women’s Economic Role In Korean Mass Media
In General
As Consumers
As Entrepreneurs
As Workers
5. Recommendations
6. The Brave New World
GLOBAL SUMMIT OF WOMEN 2004
I.
PREFACE
 Historically, Korean women have been alienated, discriminated against
and underutilized in the work place.
 Women’s economic role has been largely overlooked or wrongly
stereotyped and perpetuated by the media, though it is beginning to
change for the better.
 The financial crisis of 1997 brought the realization that Korea needed to
adopt global standards to survive and prosper in today’s interconnected
global market.
 Integration of educated women into workforce and full utilization of their
potential is a must for Korea to reach its goal of $20,000 per capita
economy.
 Mass media has an important role to play in changing and promoting
women’s economic profile for the future.
GLOBAL SUMMIT OF WOMEN 2004
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II.
TATUS OF WOMEN IN KOREAN
ECONOMY
In General
Korean Bureau of Statistics Jul. 2004
 Women active in economic field
1994
-
47.8% of female population
2003
-
49.6% of female population(vs OECD 61.3%)
(9.56Million / 19.28Mil)
 Women’s pay scale
1990
-
55% of men
2001
-
64.3% of men
2002
-
63.9% of men
 Public pension fund participation
Women 31%
VS
(Average life expectancy
Men 65%
Female 85
Male 77
)
GLOBAL SUMMIT OF WOMEN 2004
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II.
TATUS OF WOMEN IN KOREAN
ECONOMY
Historical Overview
1960’s-1970’s
Factory worker in light export industries as cheap
source of labor(Rural & largely uneducated women)
1980’s
Entry into clerical work force (mostly graduates of
commercial & vocational high schools) forced to
retire upon marriage
1990’s
Small group of college graduates in dominantly
male work force as “token cases”
1997
Financial crisis
2000’s
- Increasing number and importance of women in
work place
- Changing role & perception of women
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II.
TATUS OF WOMEN IN KOREAN
ECONOMY
Barriers
 Ingrained gender stereotyping in education from early childhood
- Text Book
- Teacher Counseling
 Gender discriminatory practices in employment and work environment
 Lack of child care facilities and support
 Inflexible work hours
Vicious cycle of M curve
GLOBAL SUMMIT OF WOMEN 2004
II.
STATUS OF WOMEN IN KOREAN ECONOMY
Changing Issues
1960-1970
1980
CHEAP LABOR
FACTORY WORKERS
CLERKS
OFFICE WORK
Cost
Advantage
ISSUES :
1990
2003
LONELY FEW
PRESSURE
FOR EQUALITY
Convenience
Supplementary
Role
FEMALE
MANAGERS
PROFESSIONALIZATION
Token Case
“Glass Wall”
15-20% Critical Mass
Business Necessity
90’S
DISCRIMINATION & UNDERUTILIZATION
2000’s
LEADERSHIP & WIN-WIN
1980
6.5% of Female work force(More than 5 years continued employment)
1999
28.2% of Female work force(More than 5 years continued employment)
2002
College grads aged 30-40 comprise 42% of total female work force
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II.
TATUS OF WOMEN IN KOREAN
ECONOMY
Discriminations
Yonhap News Service Feb. 24, 2004
 Survey of 2, 347 female workers by MINISTRY of LABOR & JOB KOREA CO.
60.8%
Discrimination in assignments
58.3%
Limited promotion
45.8%
Maternity leave will hamper career
15.9%
Pressured to quit when married
 Survey of 2, 325 married female workers aged 20-30
52.5%
Experienced discrimination when married
36.1%
Received pressure to leave when pregnant
16.6%
Reduction / Freeze in pay
15.9%
Exempted from promotion
70 %
Quit
GLOBAL SUMMIT OF WOMEN 2004
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II.
TATUS OF WOMEN IN KOREAN
ECONOMY
Discriminations
Yonhap News Service Feb. 24, 2004
 Survey of 1, 205 married w / no children
39.5%
For lack of child care facilities
17.8%
Child care expense too heavy
20 %
Planning no children
 Solution
41.9%
Government
24.3%
Business
23.2%
Social Prejudice
5.2%
Self
GLOBAL SUMMIT OF WOMEN 2004
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II.
TATUS OF WOMEN IN KOREAN
ECONOMY
Underutilization of Women
Employment by Age by Country
Why Avoid Women?
1997 Survey of 100 Large Business KWDI
28%
Low Loyalty
14%
Quit Easily
14%
Business Trip / Night Work
14%
Poor Integration into Organization
11%
Work Not Suitable For Women
8%
More Absences
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II.
TATUS OF WOMEN IN KOREAN
ECONOMY
Vicious Cycle of M Curve
GLOBAL SUMMIT OF WOMEN 2004
III.
POLICY & INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS

1995
- Beijing Platform for Action

1995.10
- “Women’s Development Act”
- Gender Equality Roadmap
- 30% Representation of women in broadcasting oversight
committees by 2005
- Creation of objective standards to evaluate gender based
stereotypes in mass media
- Legal basis for rectifying gender discriminatory factors in
employment & other areas

1997
- Asian Financial Crisis

1998
- D.J. Kim Administration
Pro-women Policy Implementation

2001.1
- “Ministry of Gender Equality”
Woman Korea : A McKinsey Report
GLOBAL SUMMIT OF WOMEN 2004
III.

POLICY & INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS
2001.11
- “Protection of Motherhood “ Act
“Women’s Economic Development” Act


2003. 3
- Revision of “Women’s Development Act”

2003. 6
- “Promotion of Women in Science & Technology” Act

2003. 7
- Affirmative Action for Female Teachers in Public Universities
(20% Goal 2003 – 2007)

2004. 1
- “Child Care” Act
Transfer of child care division to Ministry of Gender Equality from
Ministry of Health & Welfare
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IV.
OMEN’S ECONOMIC ROLE IN KOREAN
MASS MEDIA
Media Coverages in General
Up to 1990’s:

Perpetuation of gender biased stereotypes

Lack of interest, little coverages of women as economic entities

Shallow, passive reporting of statistics or releases given by other sources

No in-depth or investigative stories on women entrepreneurs except as novelties

One dimensional view of women as passive consumers
2000’s:

Increasing coverages of rising “women power” phenomenon

Trendy stories of venture CEO’s, IT, Entertainment Stars

Increasing visibility of women in politics, civil society, government and business

Still view business women as exceptions rather than norm
ex. Web Search of Maeil Economic Daily (www.mk.co.kr)
“Women”
( 0 ) Directory on Economy
(53) Directory on Shopping/Beauty/Health
( 1 ) Site
(2603) Sites
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IV.
OMEN’S ECONOMIC ROLE IN KOREAN
MASS MEDIA
Media Coverages in General
2004 :

Notable increase in coverages of women’s activities in general due to national
election and affirmative action.
Ex. “Child Care Should be Borne by Public Funding”
“Women CEO Leadership Forum” – Women Times
“Women Workers in Banking Paid Half of Male Counterparts”
“Great Leap Forward for Women in New Hires & Government Exams”
GLOBAL SUMMIT OF WOMEN 2004
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IV.
OMEN’S ECONOMIC ROLE IN KOREAN
MASS MEDIA
Digital Times 2004.2
As Consumers
Chosun Ilbo 2004.1

Control 90% of Department Store Sales

Decision Makers and Spenders of 80% of Household Disposable Income

Major Influence on Purchase of Big Ticket Items such as Houses, Cars, Furniture,
Appliances, Family Vacations, etc. - Advertising

Over 100 Consumer Magazines Targeted for Women

“Cyber Women Power” – Internet Shopping by Volume
2000
2003
Male
12.5%
27.4%
Female
12 %
37 %
Ex. <Interpark>- Largest Cyber Mall
Female Purchase
www.interpark.com
<Auction(E-bay)>
www.auction.co.kr
1999
19%
2001
41%
2003
44%
2001.1
38%
2003.8
53%
GLOBAL SUMMIT OF WOMEN 2004
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IV.
OMEN’S ECONOMIC ROLE IN KOREAN
MASS MEDIA
As Consumers
Chosun Ilbo 2004.1
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IV.
OMEN’S ECONOMIC ROLE IN KOREAN
MASS MEDIA
Small Medium Industry Authority 2003.8
As Entrepreneurs
Coverages of Successful Professionals, CEO’s
Housewife – Turned Entrepreneurs
TREND
PROFITABLE
20% Increase in 5 years
1997 :
924,380
Women owned businesses
2000 :
1,021,515
Women owned businesses
2002 :
1,147,664
Women owned businesses
Profit Average
KRW 21.5 Mil.
Sales Average
KRW 164.6 Mil. – 13.1% P/S
vs Industry Avg.
LOW DEBT RATIO
EMPLOYMENT
64.3%
vs
2.7% P/S
Industry Avg. 173.7%
2003
Full-time Employment
2.13Mil. Avg. 2.06 persons
2001
Full-time Employment
Avg. 3.5 persons
DISADVANTAGE AS WOMEN
1999
40.8%
2003
26.5%
GLOBAL SUMMIT OF WOMEN 2004
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IV.
OMEN’S ECONOMIC ROLE IN KOREAN
MASS MEDIA
Chosun Ilbo 2004.1
As Entrepreneurs
Coverages of Successful Professionals, CEO’s
Housewife – Turned Entrepreneurs
GLOBAL SUMMIT OF WOMEN 2004
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IV.
OMEN’S ECONOMIC ROLE IN KOREAN
MASS MEDIA
As Workers
ILO(2000)
USA
UK
EU
Japan
Korea
Economically Active
77%
68%
72%
59%
50%
Mid Management
Senior Management
41%
3-5%
29%
3%
18%
1.5%
5%
Under 1%
4%
Under
1%
74%
89%
82%
64%
64%
Pay Ratio
GLOBAL SUMMIT OF WOMEN 2004
V.
RECOMMENDATIONS
CHANGE THE MEDIA’S ROLE FROM PASSIVE OBSERVER TO THAT OF AN
INSTIGATOR & LEADER IN WOMEN’S ISSUES
AFFIRMATIVE ACTION

Increase women’s participation and access to decision-making process in media
enterprises
- Set goals & targets for gender balance in employment & management
- Create gender friendly environment
- Flexible work schedules
- Establish mentoring systems in media
MEDIA WATCH

Promote a balanced and non-stereo typed portrayal of women in mainstream
media as active contributors to national economy and vital element for achieving
national goals

Balance assignments on “Soft” issues such as fashion, culture, arts,, etc. with
“Core” issues of politics, economy and current affairs
GLOBAL SUMMIT OF WOMEN 2004
V.
RECOMMENDATIONS
ORGANIZE SUSTAINED MEDIA CAMPAIGN

Change gender biases & stereotypes

Empower women in economic progress

Expand news coverages of women sourced by women or with women’s
perspectives

Promote and educate the public that … utilization of women’s resources is a must
for Korea’ survival in 21c
PUNISHMENTS AND INCENTIVES
GLOBAL SUMMIT OF WOMEN 2004
THE WOMEN’S NEWS. INC.
http://www.womennews.co.kr

Founded in 1988 after the Seoul Olympics through public stock offering.

Weekly 32 page tabloid format with readership of 98,000

Led the feminist movement and became the voice of women’s activism for gender
equality

Set the agenda for women’s issues in national & presidential elections

Initiated & hosted presidential candidates’ TV debates on women’s issues

Still financially vulnerable
Focus

Up to 2003
- Feminist Activism for improved status of women
- Political, Social Agenda including violence against women

2004
- Leadership, Economy & Health
GLOBAL SUMMIT OF WOMEN 2004
THE WOMEN’S NEWS. INC.
[Top Ten Women's News in 2002]
[1] Presidential candidate TV debate organized by
women elevates the status of women groups
[2] The death of two schoolgirls sparks nationwide
campaign for the revision of the SOFA
[3] Appointment of first women Prime Minister Chang
Sang vetoed by legislators
[4] The first inter-Korean Women’s Reunification Rally
since national division
[5] Korea’s birth rate of 1.3 the world’s lowest
[6] Birth of the Committee on Women’s Affairs as a
National Assembly Standing Committee
[7] Anti-Prostitution Act proposed at the National
Assembly
[8] Passionate response of women the biggest
contributor to a successful World Cup
[9] ‘Cyber Mentoring’ campaign initiated by the
Ministry of Gender Equality opens a new chapter
in the women’s movement
[10] VAT-exemption on sanitary napkins becomes a
public issue
GLOBAL SUMMIT OF WOMEN 2004
VI.
BRAVE NEW WORLD
o
Strong Political Will and Leadership
o
Collaboration of
Government
Media
NGO’s
Private Sector
o
Gender equality and full utilization of women power are crucial
pre-requisites for Korea’s reaching her goal of joining the world’s
10 largest economies.
o
THE MARCH HAS JUST BEGUN.
GLOBAL SUMMIT OF WOMEN 2004