Transcript Energy Future Outlook by M. Kostic

Reflections on Thermo-Mechanical
Energy Transfer, Photons, Phonons and
Thermons-Thermomass – (Lecture III)
Institute of Engineering Thermophysics
Tsinghua University
Beijing, China, June 19, 2013
Prof. M. Kostic
Mechanical Engineering
NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY
www.kostic.niu.edu
Slide 1
Some Challenges in Thermoscience Research
and Application Potentials
Energy Ecology Economy
Tsinghua University, XJTU, and HUST
China 2013: Beijing, Xi’an, Wuhan, June 14-28, 2013
Prof. M. Kostic
Mechanical Engineering
NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY
www.kostic.niu.edu
Slide 2
Hello:
Thank you for the opportunity
to present a holistic, phenomenological
reasoning of some challenging issues
in Thermo-science.
Discussions are informal and not finalized yet.
Thus, respectful, open-minded arguments, and
brainstorming are desired for better
comprehension of tacit and often elusive
thermal phenomena.
www.kostic.niu.edu
3
Slide 3
It is my great pleasure and honor to visit
China and Tsinghua University AGAIN…
Thank you for invitation and opportunity to meet with and learn from you,
and to present my research and scholarly work
… to visit Great People of the Great Wall in China
From NIU (my photo … more than 13 hrs. flight
and distinguished colleagues at Tsinghua, XJTU & HUST
more than 12 yrs. old!)
The hypotheses posed here, some thought-provoking, have additional
objective to initiate further discussion with constructive criticism, and
future research and applications in existing critical areas as well as emerging
and novel applications.
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Slide 4
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Slide 5
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Slide 6
Electromagnetic Nature
of Thermo-Mechanical Mass-Energy Transfer
… with some updates
,
during “believed-massless” heat conduction
or mechanical work transfer, there has to be electromagnetic,
i.e., photon mass-energy propagation
(since they are not gravitational and not nuclear interactions)
through involved material structures, from a mass-energy source to a
sink system. Otherwise, the mass-energy equivalence and Physics
law of forced interactions will be violated!
International Forum on Frontier Theories in Thermal Science
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, December 18-20, 2011
Prof. M. Kostic
Mechanical Engineering
NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY
www.kostic.niu.edu
Slide 7
What is Energy ?
If one could expel all energy out of a physical system …
… then empty, nothing will be left …
… so ENERGY
is EVERYTHING … E=mc2
𝒎𝒑𝒉 = 𝑬𝒑𝒉 /𝒄𝟐 = (𝒉 ∙ 𝝂)/𝒄𝟐
Mass (m) is bind-energy within (E), they have a holistic meaning of “mass-energy”
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Slide 8
What is Energy ?
“From the Sovereign Sun to the deluge of photons
out of the astounding compaction and increase of
power-density in computer chips …
Mass-Energy represents motion of a system structure, i.e., its representative
particles at different space and time scales, and ultimately motion of photons.
Where the Thermal Energy fits in?
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Slide 9
The Nature of Heat and Work?
It has NOT been explicitly established what are
the underlying, fundamental mass-energy carriers
for conduction heat or mechanical work transfer
within material systems…
… but are both widely considered to be
“massless.”
www.kostic.niu.edu
Slide 10
Heat-Conduction Theories …
The deficiency of classical Fourier heat conduction theory
(parabolic differential equation), allowing infinite speed of thermal
energy propagation (i.e., a change of temperature at one location is felt
at infinity instantaneously), is challenged by:
• Hyperbolic Heat Conduction Model,
• Relativistic Heat Conduction Theory, and
• Thermomass Theory
(based on Einstein mass-energy equivalence with
‘thermon’ quasi-particle leading to inertia of heat
transfer)
www.kostic.niu.edu
Slide 11
Energy Carriers &
Underlying (Fundamental) Energy Carriers
Fundamental or “Underlying energy carriers” are the
FOUR fundamental interactions, i.e., forces and particles
in physics:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Strong nuclear
Weak nuclear
Electro-magnetic (EM), and
Gravitational
Underlying carriers for electro-chemical and thermo-mechanical
energy are photons (EM),
And “massive/convective” carriers may be electrons (or electron
shells) and bulk matter, including crystal (rigid) web (phonons).
www.kostic.niu.edu
Slide 12
…The Nature of Heat and Work !
Based on existing observations of electron-shell interactions and wellestablished phenomena and theories, including Einstein’s mass-energy
equivalence and thermal radiation (and for the same reason), it is
deduced here that during thermal heat conduction or mechanical
energy transfer (as vividly observed in fractoluminescence and
triboluminescence phenomena), there must be underlying electromagnetic
transfer, i.e. photon “diffusive re-emission and propagation” on short
distance within a material structure (“on-contact” photon re-emission and
propagation, or ‘internal’ thermal radiation), as well as corresponding
mass-energy transfer carried by photons from a mass-energy source to a
sink system (similar as from Sun to Earth).
Otherwise, the mass-energy equivalence and
Physics law of forced interactions will be violated!
www.kostic.niu.edu
Slide 13
Objectives …Up-Down View
• The objective here is to express a
phenomenological-thermodinamicist, an
up-down thought-reasoning view
as complement to (and independent from) the
quantum-mechanicist, down-up modeling view
After all, the thought-reasoning experiments are
necessary for concepts beyond reach of reliable
experimental observations
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Slide 14
Fig.1: Electromagnetic
Nature of ThermoMechanical Mass-Energy
Transfer Due to Photon
Diffusive Re-Emission and
Propagation: Steady-state,
mass-energy transfer is
depicted through heat
conduction plate (right-above)
and rotating shaft (right-below).
Energy transfer (i.e., Einstein’s
mass-energy equivalency
transfer, 𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛 = 𝑚𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛 𝑐 2 ) has
to be electromagnetic by
photon transfer, either as
photon electromagnetic waves
on-long range through
space/vacuum (𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑 =
𝑚𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑐 2 ), or photon “on-contact”
transfer within material
structures, e.g., through heat
conduction plate (rt.-above) and
turbine shaft work (rt.- below).
www.kostic.niu.edu
Otherwise, Einstein’s mass-energy
equivalency and the fundamental
force/interactions in Physics will be
violated.
Slide 15
Underlying phenomena …!
• Thermal conduction is due to chaotic thermal electronshell collisions and may be enhanced by free-electrons
or crystal-lattice structure vibration (phonons), both
phenomena due to underlining photon propagation
(similar to electro-chemical phenomena or DC/AC current, etc.).
• Mechanical work transfer is due to electron-shell
directional pushing/twisting as the most efficient
(“focused”) energy transfer (i.e., mechanical superconductor). If it is fully investigated and understood, it
has potential for development of hybrid syntheticmaterials with superior thermal conductivity like
diamond, for critical and new applications.
www.kostic.niu.edu
Slide 16
‘Focused’ pushing
or twisting of
electron-shells
Chaotic thermal
electron-shell
collisions
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Slide 17
Heat is ‘substance’ after all … (and Work)?
• Lavoisier may be right, since this treatise
reaffirms that ‘caloric’ is a “transferred
substance” after all, and it also supports
mechanical fractoluminescence and
triboluminescence, including
the “peeling sticky-tape X-ray phenomenon.”
Published online 22 October
2008 | Nature |
doi:10.1038/news.2008.1185
News
Sticky tape generates X-rays
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Slide 18
The Caloric Theory …
• Lavoisier and his followers reasoned
ingeniously, long before the conservation of
energy was established, that heat must be a
conserved ‘substance (caloric)’ contained in
material systems which can be “poured”
(transferred) within and between the systems.
• If conversion of all other energy types to heat is
included (thermal energy “generation” from all
types of “phlogistons”), i.e. conservation of
energy in general, then caloric theory will be
valid in general as stated by Clausius.
www.kostic.niu.edu
Slide 19
Physicists are “silent” …
• The physicists and other scientists account for
mass-energy equivalence for electro-magnetic
radiation (including thermal), and binding electrochemical and nuclear energy, but somehow,
again, are “silent” (without giving a due
justification) about thermal heat-conduction
and mechanical work transfer through material
structures when energy is transferred without
(or beyond) any material particle diffusion.
www.kostic.niu.edu
Slide 20
Photons are “poking” our eyes …
• The photons have been giving us a lot of
“signs” (almost “poking” our eyes) about their
involvement in thermo-mechanical
phenomena, but scientists have been
somehow busy with studying other more
“modern” concepts.
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Slide 21
Heat Conduction …
• When thermal energy is transferred (known as heat transfer),
without material particle net-transfer, in direction of decreasing
temperature gradient (known as heat conduction), see Figure 2(a),
then more-energized particles (atoms or molecules) at higher
temperature (TA) will be interacting (colliding) with neighboring lessenergized particles at lower temperature (TR), thus transferring their
electron-shell energy by re-emitting and propagating photons from
one electron shell to another during the particle localized
interactions.
www.kostic.niu.edu
Slide 22
… Heat Conduction
Depending on material structure, the heat may be
conducted by free-electrons (like in metals) or by
“collective” mechanical vibration of solid crystalline
structure (like in crystals), generated by thermal motion of
atoms and molecules, known as thermal phonons (not
elementary particles but quasi-particles); however, the both
(thermal free-electron and thermal phonons) are due to
photon “on-contact propagation” during atomic electron
shell or free electron thermal interactions, resulting in
photon net-propagation as underlying fundamental
carriers of thermal energy transfer
due to temperature gradient.
www.kostic.niu.edu
Slide 23
Experimental confirmation
• This is in-effect experimentally measured in nuclear
reaction processes. If a nuclear reaction is carried out in
a “sealed” box, then energy or rest mass will be
conserved within the box until transferred through the
wall.
• However, after the energy/heat is transferred through the
wall (by heat conduction) to the surroundings (and the
box is cooled to its initial temperature and pressure),
then its inherited rest mass is reduced and all energy
transferred (by heat conduction through wall) will
increase the surroundings’ rest mass by the same
amount.
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Slide 24
Ultimate fundamental energy carriers …
• … The energy carriers have to be the photons’
propagation from the box to the surroundings, through
the wall of the box. This experimentally “proves” that
“massless” photons and “massless” heat exchange,
transfer the invariant body-rest-mass through a wall from
one body to another, during what is commonly regarded
as “massless” heat exchange.
• Therefore, all thermal conduction energy transfers are
“thermo-luminescence-kind” (visible or invisible), carried
by the photon “on-contact” mass-energy re-emission and
propagation, which may be considered as an “internal”
thermal radiation.
Ultimately all mass-energy forms converts to thermal (radiation) energy …
www.kostic.niu.edu
Slide 25
Heat transfer is Unique and Universal:
 Heat transfer is a spontaneous irreversible process where all
organized (structural) energies are disorganized or dissipated
as thermal energy with irreversible loss of energy potential
(from high to low temperature) and overall entropy increase.
Thus, heat transfer and thermal energy are
unique and universal manifestation of all natural
and artificial (man-made) processes,
… and thus … are vital for more efficient cooling and heating
in new and critical applications, including energy production
and utilization, environmental control and cleanup, and biomedical applications.
© M. Kostic
2009 January 10-12
Slide 26
Mechanical Work Transfer …
•
During work transfer from one acting body, A (twisting or pushing in a
certain direction) to another reacting/resisting body, R; i.e., the particles
(atoms and/or molecules) with more momentum at the contact interface (i.e.
higher acting stresses, PA) will be pushing the neighboring particles with
less momentum (i.e. lower resisting stresses, PR), thus transferring their
electron shell momentum and energy in certain forced-displacement
direction by ‘orderly’ photon propagation from one electron shell to
another during the particle localized interactions and displacement in a
certain direction, in addition to net-thermal energy transfer if any (the latter
depending on temperature gradient).
www.kostic.niu.edu
Slide 27
… Mechanical Work Transfer …
… Again, during any work transfer process there must be a netpropagation of photons (in addition to free electrons or other material
particle motion, if any) and the equivalent mass will be transferred
(mtr=Etr/c2) from one material system to another, thus in the process
effectively propagating the photon ‘inertial’ mass (total relativistic
mass), in direction of decreasing stresses for fluids, or in direction of
decreasing “collective stresses” (i.e. forces) for solids, even if it is too
small to be measured.
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Slide 28
Mechanical Superconductor
• For ideal elastic (no dissipation) or perfectly rigid solid
having a steady-state forced motion and transferring
mechanical energy without its acceleration, the
mechanical energy and commensurate mass-energy
propagation of photons will not accumulate nor
accelerate the body, but only passing through the body
structure without any stress/force gradient through such
intermediary, ideal solid body:
• It may be considered as mechanical superconductor.
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Slide 29
The stress/force gradients …
• However the stress/force gradient will exist at the
energy source (where mechanical energy is generated),
through imperfect intermediary bodies, and energy sink
(where mechanical energy is dissipated), thus
effectively propagating photon mass-energy (with
relevant photon conversions and transformations
through material structure, like frequency shifting and
others if appropriate, from an energy source to the sink,
by accelerating material structure of the mass-energy
sink system (e.g., a resisting frictional load) on the
expense of decelerating material structure of an acting
source system.
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Slide 30
Experimental Confirmation …
As reasoned above, during mechanical work transfer, the
photon mass-energy transfer is always encountered, but
rarely observed since it is occurring orderly and locally
(without trace/dissipation) within the material structure
(often within virtually infinitesimal distance), except in
certain fractoluminescence and triboluminescence
processes, facilitated by material structure “visible”
mechanical separation and especially if conducted
in a vacuum, like the “peeling sticky-tape X-ray
phenomenon.” Therefore, all mechanical energy transfers
are “mecha-luminescence-kind” (visible or invisible),
carried by the photon “on-contact” mass-energy
propagation.
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Slide 31
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Slide 32
Nature of a “Massless” Photon ?
… Questions arise about the nature of a “massless” photon
and definition of its (relativistic) mass and “rest-mass
transfer”: Since the photon is a ‘massless mass-energy
carrier’ while in motion with the speed of light, and when it
is captured (absorbed) within a material particle or a body
at rest, i.e. when its energy is bound (“foiled”) within a body
at rest (called here “body-rested photon mass-energy”),
then the corresponding inertial mass increase of the
material particle, could be defined as a photon inertial
mass-energy (or “body-rested mass-energy” with regard to
the body reference frame), also known as its
relativistic mass, that is: 𝑚 = 𝐸 /𝑐 2 = (ℎ ∙ 𝜈)/𝑐 2
𝑝ℎ
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𝑝ℎ
Slide 33
EM/Photon Mass-Energy Transfer
From/To (Dicel./Accel.) Massive Particles/Systems
• Energy transfer is a forced-displacement interaction between inertial
material systems, in effect, accelerating the reacting, mass-energy
sink-system (i.e. its structure) at the expense of decelerating an
acting-source system structure, by propagating (“pumping”) the
photon mass-energy from the source to the sink system, as
explained above for the thermo-mechanical energy transfer.
• This is true in general, even in steady-state processes, the
surrounding supporting system structure is reacting with its inertia as
“frictional resistance load” and being accelerated (i.e. energized) all
the time; otherwise without reacting (impeding) system, the
potential-source system will not transfer any mass-energy and
continue to be in its inertial motion (if any) with its “rested
equilibrium” mass-energy structure.
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Slide 34
Elementary particles and their interactions ?
… Elementary particles and their interactions
(always new being discovered) have been, still are,
and may always be the principal mysteries in nature.
… The electrons and nucleons “mysteriously”
absorb (annihilate) and emit the photons, which are
not conserved (thus not accounted for) but somehow
“mysteriously” re-created with different frequencies
and thus different mass-energies, posing several
open questions, which will be subject of another
discussion.
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Slide 35
… Further Generalization
of Electro-Magnetic Phenomena
This treatise may contribute to further generalization of
electro-magnetic phenomena, including heat-conduction and
mechanical energy transfer, and thus “fill the remaining gap”
since all other phenomena, excluding gravitational and
nuclear interactions, are due to the electromagnetic force
interactions,
…namely all electro-chemical and thermo-mechanical
phenomena, the latter as reasoned here.
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Slide 36
If we are unable to observe …
• If we are unable to measure or comprehend something
it does not mean it does not exist: it could be sensed or
measured with more precise instruments or in a longer time
scale, or in similar stronger processes.
• Some things/events may be in ‘stealth’ form or undetected rate at
our state of technology and comprehension
(as the science history has though us many times).
The miracles are until they are
comprehended and understood!
© M. Kostic
2009 January 10-12
Slide 37
Phonons Are Thermal Photons
Phonons are in-part mechanical (super)
photons (since mechanical energy transfer is
virtually without dissipation – super-conductive in
nature), i.e., thermal photons enhanced by
“collective” mechanical vibrations of solid
crystalline web-like structure (like in
diamond), thus enhancing thermal energy
transfer …
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Slide 38
Thermomass’ Thermons
are thermal Photons
Thermomass’ Thermons (quasi-particles) are thermal
Photons (real-elementary particles) ,
since both give rise to equivalent-to-energy masstransfer and, thus, inertial nature of heat, (observed at
extremely high heat fluxes, as well as finite speed of
thermal energy propagation, as oppose to unrealistic
infinite speed based on Fourier law: a temperature
change at one location is immediately propagated to
infinity (with infinitesimal amount).
•www.kostic.niu.edu
Slide 39
Thank you! Any Questions ?
Source: http://www.energygroove.net/atoms.php
www.kostic.niu.edu
Slide 40
Appendices
Stretching the mind further …
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Slide 41
Stretching the mind further …
Mass may be a special tensor-like quantity due to "over-allisotropic in all-directions" motion of elementary particles (that
make up its structure) and thus give rise to inertia if accelerated
in any direction, i.e., resisting change of motion in any and
all directions with equal components (the isotropic mass inertia).
There may be anisotropic masses, with bulk linear or rotational
motion, being the extreme cases. Note that fundamental particles
(without inertial mass, like photons and similar, but with
relativistic masses E/c^2) has to always move with ultimate
speed of light in vacuum, and such particles (some yet to
be discovered) might be moving (orbiting with twisting, string-like
vibration and rotation) within virtually infinitesimal spaces and
thus making-up other "massive" so-called elementary particles
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Slide 42
Deterministic vs. Probabilistic
All interactions in nature are physical and based on
simple cause-and-effect conservation laws, thus
deterministic and should be without any exceptional
phenomenon. Due to diversity and complexity of large
systems, we would never be able to observe
deterministic phenomena with full details but have to
use holistic and probabilistic approach for observation;
therefore, our observation methodology is holistic and
probabilistic, but phenomena have to be deterministic,
not miraculous nor probabilistic
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Slide 43
Elementary Particles: Electron?
There is no proof that an electron, or any other elementary
particle, has or does not have a structure. The concept of
elementary particle is intrinsically problematic (just because we
cannot observe or reason a structure which exhibits certain
phenomena, does not mean it does not exist). Past and recent
history proved us to be wrong every time. Particularly
problematic is the current theory which requires elementary
particle annihilation/creation (“miraculous creationism”) while
using conservation laws. At the very least (in phenomenological
view) the elementary particles should be conserved and be the
building structure for other particles and systems. Note that many
concepts (in modern physics) are "virtual" entities that are part of
the mathematical theory, but are not directly observable.
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Slide 44
Boundary Forces …
There is no such thing as a unidirectional force or a force that
acts on only one body (no imaginary boundary vectorforces). Put it very simply: a forcing (force-flux cause-and-effect
phenomena) acts between an interface of pair of objects (forced
interaction: action-reaction, including process-inertial forces), and
not on a single object. The Newton Laws and the Laws of
Thermodynamics imply that all forces are massenergy interactions (forced displacements with momentum and
energy transfer and conservation) between different particulate
bodies due to non-equilibrium (available energy or work
potential, cause of forcing) towards the equilibrium.
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Slide 45
No Perfect Rigidity …
All matter must be somewhat elastic (can be
compressed or stretched). If bodies could be
perfectly rigid we'd have infinite forces acting with
infinite speeds for infinitesimal times (if you pushed
on one end of a perfectly rigid stick, the other end
would move instantaneously). System components
(bodies) that exert forces have to be massive
(2nd Newton Law) and with accompanying
reaction forces (3rd Newton Law).
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Slide 46
Energy is bound by forced motion …
Energy is possessed (thus equilibrium property) by material
systems and redistributed (transferred) between and within
system(s), due to systems' non-equilibrium, via forceddisplacement interactions (process) towards the equilibrium
(equi-partition of energy over mass and space); thus energy is
conserved (the 1st Law) but degraded (the 2nd Law).
Effects are consequences of Causes except at Equilibrium they are
equal (reversible). The existence in space and transformations in
time are manifestations of perpetual mass-energy forced
displacement processes: with net-zero mass-energy transfer in
equilibrium (equilibrium process) and non-zero mass-energy
transfer in non-equilibrium (active process) towards
equilibrium. System components (particles and bodies) that exert
forces have to be massive (2nd Newton Law) and with
accompanying reaction forces (3rd Newton Law).
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Slide 47
Force and Forcing …
Force or Forcing is a process of exchanging
useful-energy (forced displacement) with netzero exchange at forced equilibrium. The
Second Law provides conditions and limits
for process forcing (energy exchange
direction
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Slide 48
Processes … Miracles
"Nothing occurs locally nor in the universe without
mass-energy exchange/conversion and irreversible
entropy production.
It is crystal-clear (to me) that all confusions related to the
far-reaching fundamental Laws of Thermodynamics, and
especially the Second Law (Abstract), are due to the lack
of their genuine and subtle comprehension."
The miracles are until they are comprehended and
understood.
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Slide 49
Thank you! Any Questions ?
Source: http://www.energygroove.net/atoms.php
www.kostic.niu.edu
Slide 50