Transcript Earth Science Prologue - Bethpage Union Free School District

Earth Science Prologue
Mr. H. Clark
Bethpage High School
Earth Science Prologue
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What is Earth Science?
Measurements
Observations and Inferences
Scientific Notation
Percent Deviation Problems
Types of Graphs
Density
What is Earth Science?
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Earth Science includes
• Geology
• Astronomy
• Meteorology
• Oceanography
Measurements: Basic Metric Units
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SI Basic Units
• Meter
• Gram
• Liter
• Second
• Degree Kelvin / Degree Celsius
Measurements: Other Metric Units
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Derived Units
• Area
square meter
m2
• Volume
cubic meter
m3
• Speed
meter per second
m/s
• Acceleration meter per second
squared m/s2
• Density
kilogram per cubic meter
kg/m3
Measurements: Other Metric Units
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Derived Units
• Frequency
• Force
m·kg·s-2
• Pressure
1·kg·s-2
• Energy
m2·kg·s-2
• Power
m2·kg·s-3
hertz
Hz
newton N
s-1
pascal
Pa
joule
J
N·m
W
J/s
watt
N/m2
m-
Measurements: Metric Prefixes
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Factor
Name
1024
Y
1021
Z
1018
E
1015
P
1012
T
109
G
Symbol
yottazettaexa-
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peta-
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tera-
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giga-
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Factor
Name
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
10-15
10-18
10-21
10-24
Symbol
decicentimilli
micronanopicofemto
attozeptoyocto-
d
c
m
µ
n
p
f
a
z
y
Observations and Inferences
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An observation is information you
take in with your senses.
Observation: You are 167 cm tall.
An inference is information you
determine from observations.
Inference: Your teacher is older than
his students.
Scientific Notation
Scientific Notation
Write 27,508 in scientific notation.
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Change the decimal point so that
the number is in between zero and
ten
27508. becomes 2.7508
Since you moved the decimal 4 places
to the left it becomes 2.7508 X 104
Percent Deviation
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Percent Deviation Problems
• Step 1 Write the formula:
%deviation = difference from accepted value
X100
accepted value
• Step 2 Substitute the values:
If a student measured a mass to be 8 grams,
and
the accepted value is 10 grams.
% deviation = 10g - 8 g / 10 g x 100
= 2 g / 10 g X 100
• Step 3 Solve:
% deviation = 20%
Earth Science Reference Tables
Graphs
Line graphs
• Direct
Relationship
• Inverse
Relationship
• Independent
Relationship
• Cyclical
Relationship
Direct Relationship
300
Numbers
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200
100
0
Time
Graphs
Line graphs
Inverse Relationship
• Direct Relationship
• Inverse
Relationship
• Independent
Relationship
• Cyclical
Relationship
300
Numbers
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200
100
0
Time
Graphs
Line graphs
• Direct Relationship
• Inverse
Relationship
• Independent
Relationship
• Cyclical
Relationship
Independent Relationship
200
Numbers
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150
100
50
0
Time
Graphs
Line graphs
• Direct Relationship
• Inverse
Relationship
• Independent
Relationship
• Cyclical
Relationship
Cyclical Relationship
150
Numbers
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100
50
0
Time
Earth Science Prologue
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Density is mass per unit volume.
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Formula:
D= M
V
Earth Science Prologue
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Problem: If an of that has a mass of
10 grams and a volume of 5 cm3,
what is the density?
Formula: D = M/V
Substitution: D = 10g / 5 cm3
Solve: D = 2 g/ cm3
Density and Floatation
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If the object is more dense than the
liquid it sinks in the liquid.
If the object is the same density as
the liquid it stays suspended in the
liquid.
If the object is less dense than the
liquid it floats in the liquid.
Density graphs
Mass vs. Volume
Mass
40
30
20
10
0
0
5
15
10
Volume
20