INSURANCE REGULATION AND ETHICS
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Transcript INSURANCE REGULATION AND ETHICS
INSURANCE REGULATION AND ETHICS
Denton Educational Services
TEXAS INSURANCE CODE
T.I.C. is Texas’ code of laws responsible for governing the
insurance business
Subject to change (amendment) by the State legislature
Identified by ARTICLE numbers
TEXAS ADMINISTRATIVE
CODE
Texas Department of Insurance (T.D.I.) rules which
interpret State laws as written in the insurance code.
Exercises T.D.I.’s authority over the insurance business as
conducted in this state - implements/enforces laws
Identified by the letters TAC
TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF
INSURANCE
PURPOSE - to protect citizens of Texas
– From illegal, unfair insurance practices
– From failure to pay claims
– To make sure that insurance is available to meet consumers’ needs
at a fair price and sold in a non-discriminatory manner
TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF
INSURANCE
SCOPE OF AUTHORITY
• Set /review pricing for some insurance lines
• Determine forms and content of many types of insurance policies
• Authorize insurers to operate in Texas - including oversight of financial
•
solvency License agents
Disciplinary actions - cease & desist orders, suspend/revoke licenses,
impose fines & administrative penalties up to $25,000
TEXAS INSURANCE
COMMISSIONER
Head of T.D.I. who makes policy and renders decisions
regarding rules, rates, hearings, appeals, disciplinary actions,
formal orders and regulations
Appointed by the Governor; approved by the Senate
2 year term
AGENT / COMPANY
RELATIONS IN TEXAS
DUTIES/OBLIGATIONS OF AGENTS TO COMPANIES
• FIDUCIARY RELATIONSHIP - agent owes principal an accounting
•
for money/property belonging to principal
LAW OF AGENCY (Common Law)
Agent must not exceed authority granted by principal
Agent Informs principal of all material facts
Agent must protect principal’s interests
AGENT / COMPANY
RELATIONS IN TEXAS
DUTIES/OBLIGATIONS
OF COMPANIES TO AGENTS
– Enable agent to do business/perform contract - partial termination OK
– Protect agent during contract cancellation
6
mos. notice of intent; then 6 mos. renewals
No new business/ increased limits without company consent
U/W rules or commissions can’t be changed solely because of
termination (i.e. for only 1 agent)
– Withdrawal plan - file to pull out of markets
LRA LICENSE
REQUIREMENTS
Be at least 18 and a Texas resident
Be appointed by an insurer as an agency owner/principal
Obtain a “clearance letter” if any other state licenses held within past
5 years
Pass state exam for Emergency or Temp. license
Take 80 hours instruction and pass exam for Permanent license
within 1 yr.
SOLICITOR REQUIREMENTS
Be at least 18 and Texas resident
Obtain clearance letter if necessary
Pass state solicitor exam
Be appointed by an LRA; salary and/or commission compensation
Be active as a solicitor with no more than 75% controlled business
Work inside or outside agent’s office
May not sign/execute policies; can bind
ISR REQUIREMENTS
Be at least 18 and Texas resident
Obtain clearance letter if necessary
Pass state ISR exam
Be appointed by a Local Recording Agent
Work only inside agent’s office/salary compensation
May not sign or execute policies, but can bind
RISK MANAGER
“A person who presents him or herself to the public and
who for compensation examines, assesses or evaluates risks
for and provides advice for reduction of risks to a person
who seeks to obtain or renew property and casualty
insurance coverage in Texas.”
RISK MANAGER
REQUIREMENTS
Be at least 18 with a place of business in Texas
Meet application requirements
Pass state exam; pay licensing fees
If employed by insurance company or a single corporate
employer, no RM license required; must have if acts as
independent consultant on a fee basis
MANAGING GENERAL
AGENT
A person, firm or corporation having
supervisory responsibility for the local agency
& field operations of an insurance company
within the state or who is authorized by a
company to accept or process insurance
policies produced and sold by other agents
MGA REQUIREMENTS
Have company appointment and accept referral business that equals
50% or more of the agency’s total business or $500,000 premium.
Be at least 18 and a Texas resident
Provide $100,000 proof of financial responsibility
Pass state exam
Pay licensing fees
SURPLUS LINES AGENT
Be a resident of Texas (unless licensed as non-resident acting on
behalf of a purchasing group) and office in Texas
Hold either an LRA or MGA license
Provide $50,000 proof of financial responsibility
Pass licensing exam
Pay licensing fees
SURPLUS LINES AGENT
Have facilities to accumulate/preserve records
Have facilities to collect, maintain, report and remit premium
taxes
Have knowledge and experience in insurance placement to
determine eligibility for surplus lines
Have knowledge/experience to collect and analyze financial and
other data to determine eligibility (i.e. financial condition) of
surplus lines carrier
DUE DILIGENCE
Reasonable
care owed by LRAs to public when placing
standard business
Higher standard of care owed by retail and surplus lines
agents when placing non-standard business
Make reasonable effort to determine financial condition of a
non-standard lines insurer
– Check the insurer’s financial rating.
– If rating is low, advise insured in writing and get a signed
authorization
SURPLUS LINES MARKETS
Standard
(admitted carriers) authorized by State which has direct
financial monitoring responsibility for them (audits every 1-3 years)
Nonstandard (non-admitted) carriers licensed by State but not audited
for financial soundness.
TIC prohibits the “export of coverage to non-admitted market unless
a “diligent effort” has been made to locate an admitted carrier to
write the coverage”
GROUP I (LIFE & HEALTH)
AGENTS
Be
at least 18 and a Texas resident
Temporary license - 90 days without exam
Complete 40 hour pre-licensing education program
Pass
state exam to get permanent license
Includes those selling HMO related services
OTHER LICENSES
Adjuster
- investigates & settles losses on behalf of an insurer
or self-insurer
Variable contract agent - sells contracts which pay variable
benefits depending on investment experience
Third Party Administrator - provide administrative services or
handle funds for insurance companies
OTHER LICENSES CONT’D.
Premium
Finance Company - makes loans by entering into
finance contracts with insureds
Life Insurance Counselor - charges fee to examine
life/annuity contracts; make recommendations to public
CORPORATE &
PARTNERSHIP LICENSES
Each
principal must hold individual license
Partnership or corporation must also hold same license(s) as
principals
Financial responsibility (E & O of at least $100,000)
Exception is bank agency in a town under 5000 - only 1 officer
required to hold license(s)
NON-RESIDENT LICENSES
Any
agent who sells or services P & C insurance outside
residence state must be licensed in other state(s) before
company can legally pay commission
Each state has different laws, procedures, licenses,
restrictions, continuing education requirements, etc.
Generally requires letter of good standing from “home” state
EXEMPTIONS FROM
LICENSING
Farm
Mutual insurance company employees and agents
Salaried clerical employees
Home office solicitors of companies licensed in Texas
Rental car companies and employees (limited license)
CONTINUING EDUCATION
LRA,
Solicitor, ISR, Group I, Adjuster and MGA all must complete 30
hours approved CE every 2 years (to coincide with license renewals)
Certificates must be kept in file for 4 years (agent’s responsibility)
Ethics certificates must be kept 6 years
Agent licensed continuously 20 years or more is exempt by filing
affidavit of history of license(s) held
SUSPENSION/REVOCATION
Willful
violation of insurance laws
Intentional material misrepresentation on license application
Misappropriation or conversion of insured’s or insurer’s money
Conviction of fraud or dishonest acts
Felony conviction
Writing more than 75% controlled business
SUSPENSION/REVOCATION
Discrimination
between insureds based on race, color,
national origin, religion, age, gender, marital status,
geographical location, disability or any other criteria not
based on sound actuarial principles
Misrepresenting the terms of a contract to induce insured to
cancel or surrender the policy and replace it with another
CHARGING FEES
PERMISSIBLE
FEES
Printing,reproduction, electronic mail or phone
Special delivery & other postal
Order MVRs
Property photos and inspections (reimbursement)
Agent fees (in addition to or in lieu of commission)
DISCLOSURE
STATEMENT - signed by insured - maintain
records for 5 years
FAIR CREDIT REPORTING
ACT
Protects
consumers subject to adverse action based on a credit report
Requires permission from consumer prior to obtaining credit information
Requires user of adverse credit information to provide
written notice of adverse action
name, address and phone of agency furnishing report
information to obtain free copy of report
TEXAS GUARANTEE FUND
Provides
protection in the event that an authorized insurer
(standard/admitted company) becomes insolvent
Court places company into liquidation: any claims must be filed with
the Fund or appointed receiver
All admitted carriers assessed a pro rata share
$100,000 cap except workers comp
May NEVER be used as a sales benefit
REFERRAL BUSINESS
“Brokering”
between 2 LRAs: agent who has a company
appointment accepts business from agent who doesn’t commissions are shared
Producing agent prepares application, collects premium and services
policy
Placing agent binds coverage, executes policies and provides
evidence that insurance is in force
COMMISSION SHARING
Illegal
to share commission with ANY unlicensed person including payment of “bonuses”, “finders fees”, “referral fees”
or “incentives” (any valuable consideration)
Solicitor may not “broker” business to or accept commission
from any LRA except the appointing agent
CHANGES
All
agency names must be registered with TDI (file LDTL
certificate)
All changes of ownership/principals must be filed with TDI
Every LRA and Group I appointment by a company must be
approved by TDI
TDI must be notified of agency address change
ISR or Solicitor must file agency change with TDI
UNFAIR COMPETITION AND
TRADE PRACTICES
MISREPRESENTATION
- an untrue statement or omission
of a material fact or law or making a statement in a way that
would lead a reasonable person to a false conclusion. Also
inaccurate or incomplete comparisons of insurance companies
or contracts
UNFAIR PRACTICES Cont’d.
FALSE
ADVERTISING - printed or published literature
intended for public distribution which is untruthful in fact or
implication. Includes:
– Print or visual ads and billboards
– sales and form letters
– prepared sales presentations/proposals
– materials included with policy when delivered
UNFAIR PRACTICES Cont’d.
DEFAMATION
- false or malicious statement about financial
condition of insurer: also distributing false or derogatory
information about others in the insurance business
COERCION - forcing someone to do business with you
BOYCOTT - 2 or more agents jointly refusing to place
business with a carrier
UNFAIR PRACTICES Cont’d.
REDLINING - refusing to write insurance
based on location
UNFAIR DISCRIMINATION - refusing to write insurance
based on other than underwriting decision
REBATING - providing ANY valuable consideration outside
the insurance contract as an inducement to purchase
UNFAIR PRACTICES Cont’d.
TIE IN SALES - making availability of
one policy conditional on purchase of
another
SLIDING - adding coverages to policy without insured’s
approval
TWISTING - replacing insured’s policy with yours when not
in his/her best interest
CHURNING - replacing current policy with another in the
same company when not in insured’s best interest
UNFAIR PRACTICES Cont’d
LOWBALLING
- quoting a lower premium than will actually
be charged in order to obtain business
BLACKLISTING - refusing insurance solely because another
carrier has refused or canceled
FALSE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - publishing or filing a
false statement of insurer’s condition
UNFAIR CLAIM SETTLEMENT
PRACTICES - a laundry list of things a company may
Misrepresent
not do when settling claims
coverage
Fail to attempt a prompt, fair, equitable settlement
Fail to settle one claim to influence settlement of another
claim
Fail to provide reasonable explanation of claim denial
UNFAIR CLAIMS PRACTICES
Fail
to confirm or deny coverage in reasonable time
Unreasonable delay in settling 1st party claim on the basis
that 3rd party or other coverage may be available
Attempt to obtain a final claim release after only partial
payment made
UNFAIR CLAIMS PRACTICES
Refuse to pay a claim without reasonable investigation
Delay paying PIP or UM claim because other coverage is
available
Require claimant to provide copy of IRS return except in
specifically defined cases (EX: loss of income)
ETHICAL PRACTICES
Texas
Insurance Code and Texas Administrative Code give
us guidelines as to what is legally acceptable/unacceptable in
the conduct of insurance business
One goal of agents is to avoid doing what is “wrong” - a
legal decision
Another goal should be to try to do what is “right” - this is
where ethics applies - a moral decision
Defining Ethical Behavior
Root
is Greek “proper modes of conduct” in a culture. Current
meaning; “conforming to accepted professional standards of
conduct”
Not a response to legal restrictions or threat of punishment
An internal, personal decision implying freedom & authority to
make individual judgements
Often defined in relation to what is unethical - no concrete
answers
FACTORS AFFECTING
ETHICAL DECISIONS
Desire
to make money
Compensation system a person works under
Economic forces of competition
Moral and religious beliefs
Family expectations
Emotional problems
Expectations of bosses and clients
Financial troubles
FACTORS AFFECTING
DECISIONS CONT’D
SHORT
TERM GOALS
Increase sales and income
Grow the business - increase client base
Save time - yours and the client’s - be efficient
Don’t make mistakes
Look good to clients
FACTORS AFFECTING
DECISIONS CONT’D
LONG
TERM GOALS
Be a true professional
Build self-respect
Earn clients’ trust
Earn others’ respect, good reputation
Build profitable business
Ethical Decision Making
Decide
if the problem has legal or ethical considerations
– Is it only legal or ethical or does it have both components?
– Is the decision necessary?
Gather
all pertinent information
– How did the problem occur?
– Who has “rights” in this situation that should be protected?
– Who has obligations in the situation?
DECISION -MAKING Cont’d.
Identify
–
–
–
–
and evaluate alternatives
What is the min./max. obligation owed?
What are the conflicts of interest?
What would be the short term result?
What would be the long term result?
Make
the decision based on:
– How you would defend your choice publicly
– How ___________ would have acted
– How well you can live with your choice
CODE OF ETHICS
“Establishes
minimum standards of expected behavior for
those to whom the code applies.”
Insurance industry organizations each have own
Some codes are principles only with no penalties for nonadherence
Other codes hold members accountable and may expel or
sanction those who do not meet standards
ETHICAL PROBLEMS
A LAST WORD
PRACTICE
WHAT YOU PREACH
FOLLOW THE GOLDEN RULE