Transcript Chapter 6 The Operational Amplifier
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier
Chapter 6 The Operational Amplifier
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier
Figure 6.1-1
Interfacing a pressure transducer with an analog-to-digital converter (ADC).
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier
Figure 6.2-1
Noble Prize winners John Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter H.Brattain (left to right), shown at Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1948 with the apparatus used in the first investigations that led to the investigations that led to the invention of the transistor. The trio received the 1956 Noble Prize in physics for their invention of the transistor, which was announced by Bell Laboratories in 1948. Courtesy of Bell Telephone Laboratories ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure 6.2-2
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier The first transistor assembled by their inventors at Bell Laboratories (in 1947) were primitive by today’s standards. Yet they revolutionized the electronics industry and changed our way of life. The first transistor, a “point-contact” type, amplified electrical signals by passing them through a solid semiconductor material, basically the same operation as performed by present “junction” transistors. The three terminal wires can be seen on the top of the transistor. The actual record of the first transistor operation was December 23, 1947. Courtesy of Bell Telephone Laboratories.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier
Figure 6.2-3
The first commercial transistor radio. The molded plastic case of the Regency TR-1 radio was designed to fit into the pocket of a man’s dress shirt. It was 5 by 3 by 1 inches and sold for $49.95. This radio was introduced on October 18, 1954. Courtesy of Texas Instruments.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier
Figure 6.2-4
Inside view of the radio in Figure 6.2-3. The specially designed miniature components barely fit inside the 5 by 3 1 by 1 inch case. The four transistors, discrete resistors, 4 capacitors, and other miniaturized components were 3 mounted, along with the 2 inch speaker, in the front half of the plastic case. Courtesy of Texas Instruments.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier
Figure 6.3-1
(
a
) A
μ
A741 integrated circuit has eight connecting pins. (
b
) The correspondence between the circled pin numbers of the integrated circuit and the nodes of the operational amplifier.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier
Figure 6.3-2
An op amp, including power supplies
ν
and
ν
.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier
Figure 6.4-1
The ideal operational amplifier.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure 6.4-2
(
a
) The operational amplifier circuit for Example 6.4-1 and (
b
) an equivalent circuit showing the consequences of modeling the operational amplifier as an ideal operational amplifier. The voltages
ν
1 ,
ν
2 , and
ν
o are node voltages and hence are the voltages at the node with respect to ground.
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure E 6.4-1
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure E 6.4-2
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure 6.5-1
Circuit of Example 6.5-1.
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier
Figure 6.5-2
(
a
) A bridge amplifier, including the bridge circuit. (
b
) The bridge circuit and, (
c
) its Thévenin equivalent circuit. (
d
) The bridge amplifier, including the Thévenin equivalent of the bridge.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure E 6.5-1
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier
Figure 6.6-1
A brief catalog of operational amplifier circuits. Note that all node voltages are referenced to the ground node.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier
Figure 6.6-1 (cont.)
A brief catalog of operational amplifier circuits.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier
Figure 6.6-1 (cont.)
A brief catalog of operational amplifier circuits.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier
Figure 6.6-2
Circuit #1 (
a
) before and (
b
) after Circuit #2 is connected. (
c
) Preventing loading using a voltage follower.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure 6.6-3
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier A voltage divider (
a
) before and (
b
) after a 30-k resistor is added. (
c
) A voltage follower is added to prevent loading.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure 6.6-4
(
a
) An amplifier is required to make
ν
o
Kν
in . The choice of amplifier circuit depends on the value of the gain
K
. Four ( cases are shown:(
b
)
K c
)
K
5, (
d
)
K
5, = 1, and (
e
)
K
= 0.8.
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier
Figure 6.6-5
The proposed noninverting summing amplifier.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier
Figure 6.6-6
The final design of the noninverting summing amplifier.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier
Figure 6.6-7
The spreadsheet for all standard values of
r
1 and
r
f
.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier
Figure 6.7-1
(
a
) An operational amplifier and (
b
) the offsets model
of
an operational amplifier. (
c
) The finite gain model of an operational amplifier. (
d
) The offsets and finite gain model of an operational amplifier.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure 6.7-2
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier (
a
) An inverting amplifier and (
b
) an equivalent circuit that accounts for the input offset voltage and bias currents of the operational amplifier. (
c
) -(
f
) Analysis using superposition.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier
Figure 6.7-3
(
a
) A voltage follower used as a buffer amplifier and (
b
) an equivalent circuit with the operational amplifier model that accounts for finite voltage gain.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure E 6.7-4
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier
Figure 6.8-1
(
a
) A circuit using operational amplifiers and (
b
) a PSpice model of a typical
μ
A741 operational amplifier.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier
Figure 6.8-2
PSpice input file for the summing amplifier.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier
Figure 6.8-3
PSpice list showing substitution of subcircuits.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier
Figure 6.8-4
PSpice output for the summing amplifier.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure 6.9-1
An inverting amplifier.
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier
Figure 6.9-2
MATLAB input file corresponding to the circuit shown in Figure 6.9-1.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier
Figure 6.9-3
Plots of the input and output voltages of the circuit shown in Figure 6.9-1.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier
Figure 6.10-1
(
a
) An example circuit and (
b
) computer analysis using MathCad.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier
Figure 6.11-1
Interfacing a pressure transducer with an analog-to-digital converter (ADC).
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier
Figure 6.11-2
A structure (or plan) for the interface circuit.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier
Figure 6.11-3
One implementation of the interface circuit.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier
Figure 6.11-4
PSpice simulation of the circuit shown in Figure 6.11-3.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed