Transcript Greece and Rome - Home

Greece
Geography
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Lots of mountains
About 80% of Greece is covered in mountains
Mount Olympus is the highest peak.
Isolated Greeks from each other
Small communities encouraged participation
in government by the citizens.
• Greece covered a vast amount of water as
well.
• Aegean sea—on the eastern border of Greece.
Contains the islands of Greece and Crete.
Writing
• What do buildings say about a
society/civilization?
• What can you learn from buildings?
• Name 3 physical differences between ancient
buildings and modern buildings.
Appliances/furniture things don’t count. I
want structural differences.
Minoans
• Minoans were a bronze age civilization the
began around 2800 B.C.
• Lasted until 1450 B.C.
• Resided on the island of Crete
• Major influence on the Greek cultures of the
mainland.
• Named Minoans after king Minos
• Labyrinth and the Minotaur.
Mycenae
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1600 B.C. to 1100 B.C.
Indo-Europeans
Government type: Monarchies
The first organized Greek State
Loose alliances between monarchies kept
reasonable peace.
• Warrior people first and foremost
• Sailors and trade = cultural diffusion.
Battle of Troy
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Homer’s writings of Troy
Mycenaean leader was Agamemnon
Sacked the city of Troy in 1250 B.C.
How much of the story was fact and how
much fiction?
Fall of Mycenaean
• City-States began fighting amongst themselves
weakening all.
• Earthquakes also caused major damage
• 1200 B.C. new groups of Greek speaking
people flow in from the North
• Collapse occurs around 1100 B.C.
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No government
Big cities deserted
Writing is lost
1100BC-900BC
900BC-800BC
– Iron and Phoenician alphabet.
Homer
Homer
• The Illiad and the Odyssey were the first Epic
Poems.
• Epic poems are long poems that tell the deeds
of great heroes.
• Both are hundreds of pages long
• Battle of Troy was a major influence
Don’t Write!!
Troy
• Paris prince of Troy steals Helen wife of the
king of Sparta
• Spartan kings brother, Agamemnon, gathers
all of Greece to attack Troy.
• After 10 years of siege upon Troy they devise
the Trojan Horse plan.
• Greek Hero Achilles is the major player in the
Iliad and supposedly played a part in the
taking of Troy.
Don’t Write!!
Odyssey
• Recounts the journeys of Odysseus after the
fall of Troy.
• Odysseus was attempting to return home to
his wife when he gets pulled in to one
problematic situation after another.
Don’t Write!!: True History?
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Homer created history for the Greeks.
Many Greeks looked upon these two works as fact.
This gave the Greeks an ideal past with grand heroes.
These became the basis for Greek education.
Values Homer taught were courage and honor.
A hero strives for excellence which Greeks call Arete.
Arete is won in a struggle or a contest.
• A heroes protects those he cares for a gains his
reputation through his deeds.
• One major point is that the Iliad taught Greek soldiers
going to war to be proud of their Greek heritage.
Greek city-state
• By 750 B.C. the city-state, or Polis as the
Greeks called them, were the focal points of
Greek life.
• An Acropolis—fortified area of a city usually
on a hill.
• Agora—open area below the Acropolis. This
served as the market area.
Citizens
• What makes a citizen?
• Citizens with political rights were adult, land
owning, males
• No political rights were given to women or
children.
• No political rights were given to noncitizens
such as slaves, laborers, or resident aliens.
• Rights = Responsibilities
Citizens
• Aristotle
• “We must rather regard every citizen as
belonging to the state.”
• Fierce loyalty to ones city-state brought good
and bad events.
• Division among city-states led to the eventual
ruin of Greece.
Military
• New military system involved soldiers called
Hoplites. Heavily armed foot soldiers who
carried a round shield, a short sword, and a
9ft spear.
• Hoplites fought as units called phalanx.
• Shoulder to shoulder/shield to shield to create
wall of defense.
government
• Monarchy—a government in which a
hereditary ruler exercises central power.
• Aristocracy—Rule by a hereditary landholding
elite.
• Oligarchy—Power is in the hands of a small
group of wealthy people.
• Tyrants—people who seized power by force
from the aristocrats.
Sparta
• City-State ruled by 2 kings, a council, and an
assembly of all land owning males.
• Enslaved their neighbors.
• Helots—Spartan slaves forced to work the land.
• Males age 7-20 military training. 20+ joins the
military.
• Greater female freedoms as males were locked in
with the military.
• Simple meals for soldiers = A piece of pork boiled
in animal blood, salt, and vinegar.
Athens
• 700BC aristocracy ruled
• Move to democracy as commoners show
anger.
• Democracy—government by the people.
• Council of 500 is created 507BC
– 500 citizens chosen by lottery.
– Day to day duties. Gave law ideas to the
assembly.
• Cultural unity.
• City states worshiped the same gods
– Common festivals
– Same heroes
– same language
Classical Greece
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500 B.C. to 338 B.C.
Arguably the high point of culture in Greece.
War with the Persians
Athenian Empire
Plagued by the Peloponnesian war.
The challenge of Persia
• Greek expansion led to run ins with the
Persians.
• By the Classical age the Ionian states had been
taken by Persia.
• Attempted rebellion aided by Athenian navy.
• Darius wants revenge. Orders a slave to tell
him as he serves every meal, “Sire, remember
the Athenians.”
Battle at Marathon
• 490 B.C.
• Darius makes his move. Persians land at
Marathon.
• Athenian hoplites make the difference.
• Athens defeats the Persian force.
• Phiedippides — messenger who ran 26 miles
from Marathon to Athens to report Victory
• Dropped dead after the message.
Rise of Xerxes
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Persians forced to retreat.
Darius begins to build a massive army
King Darius died in 486 B.C.
Xerxes the son of Darius takes the throne.
Continued military build up and planned
revenge for his father’s defeat.
Stone relief of
Xerxes
Persian Invasion
• Persians numbered around 180,000 soldiers
and thousands of warships.
• United Greece
• Xerxes moved north around the Aegean Sea.
His ships followed suite along the coast.
Defeat of the Persians
• Athenians abandon Athens.
• Greeks form the largest Greek army to that
point. 479 B.C.
• Battle of Plataea
• Major defeat of Persian army.
Athens new power
• Direct democracy-- Every citizen participates
in the government decision making by voting
on all major issues.
• Pericles sets up government.
• Big assembly meets every 10 days.
• Delian League—alliance between Greek city
states.
• Women had no rights.
• Ostracism—protects against ambitious
politicians. Members of the assembly could
write the name of a member they considered
harmful. A person named by at least 6000
people was banned from the city for 10 years.
Sparta vs Athens
• If you were an adult male aged 30 which
society would you rather live in?
• If you were a woman aged 30?
Peloponnesian War
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Split within Greece after the Persian war
Sparta and its allies VS. the Athenian empire
2 opposite societies
War breaks out
in 431 B.C.
• Sparta attacks and wins. Gets help from
Persia.
• Athens has a plague that kills many, including
their leader Pericles
Culture and Religion
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City states need the favor of the gods.
Gods on mount Olympus.
Major buildings were religious.
Festivals for each god.
Athletics at festivals.
Drama
• First Greek dramas were tragedies.
• Presented in a set of 3 built around a common
theme.
• Sophocles—a famous Athenian playwright.
Wrote “Oedipus Rex.”
• Euripides—Athenian dramatist who made
controversial plays. Spoke out against war and
the treatment of women and children.
Classical Greek Arts and Literature
• What types of art are popular in today's
society? Art can include any form of artistic
media.
• What Greek influences are still seen today?
Don’t Write: Olympics
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First Olympics were held in 776 B.C.
Held every 4 years between rival city-states
Temporary peace
Generally lasted about 5 days
Opening ceremonies with sacrifices for the
gods.
Day 2
• Chariot races
• Pentathlon—discus throw, javelin throw,
jumping, running, and wrestling.
Day 3
• Day of prayers to the god of the games. In the
case of the game sat Olympus that god was
Zeus.
• Great feasts
• Sacrifices before the 40 ft. statue of Zeus.
Day 4
• More wrestling and running.
• Boxing matches and the Pankration.
Day 5
• Massive celebration
• People begin their journeys home
• Victorious participants will get a heroes
welcome in their homelands.
• The home city of a winner was honored for
having an winning Olympian among them.
The Will of the Gods
• Man has always wanted to know what the god
it worshiped was wanting.
• For the Greeks the place to find out was at the
Oracle at Delphi.
• Oracle—a sacred shrine where a god or
goddess revealed the future through a priest
or priestess.
• Delphi—A city on the side of Mount Parnassus
overlooking the Gulf of Corinth.
Olympian Gods
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Zeus—King of gods
Hera—Wife of Zeus, goddess of marriage
Poseidon—God of sea, earthquakes, and horses
Hestia—Goddess of home and family
Hades—God of the underworld
Athena—Goddess of wisdom and crafts
Aphrodite—Goddess of love and beauty
Ares—God of war
Apollo—God of music and the arts
Greek Philosophy
• Pythagoras—Creator of the Pythagorean
theory. Believed the essence of the universe
could be found in music and numbers.
• Sophists—group of traveling teachers.
Disagreed with Pythagoras's view of the
universe. Important for individuals to improve
themselves
– Rhetoric—the art of persuasive speaking in
debates and swaying audiences.
Socrates
• Socrates—a sculptor who also studied
philosophy. Disagreed with the sophists.
• He left no writings.
• All real knowledge is already present within a
person.
• Socratic Method—uses a question and answer
format to lead pupils to see things for
themselves using their own reason.
• Socrates is executed.
Plato
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Student of Socrates
He wrote “The Republic”
How do we know what is real?
A higher world of perfect beings
Only philosophers can become aware of these
beings.
• What we see are shadows of these ideal beings.
• He distrusted democracy
Aristotle
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Student of Plato
Studied all forms of government.
Democracy is mob rule.
Three best: monarchy, Aristocracy, and
constitutional government.
• Favored a single strong virtuous ruler.
• Wrote down everything.
Empire of Alexander the Great
• Phillip II—King of Macedonia and Alexander’s
father.
• By 338 BC he takes all of Greece.
• His dream is to take Persia.
• He was assassinated at his daughters wedding.
• Alexander takes the throne at 20 years old.
Macedonian Phalanx
• Takes Egypt and builds Alexandria.
• Turns to Babylon but Darius III is murdered
before Alexander arrives.
• Heads towards India.
• Geography/weather forces them to go back.
• At Babylon he falls ill and dies at 32 years old.
Legacy: Hellenistic Era
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Spread of Greek culture.
Locals assimilated Greek culture.
Women gain more rights.
Alexandria becomes a cultural center.
Library of
Alexandria
Science
• Aristarchus was an astronomer who stated that the
sun was the center of the universe instead of the
earth. Heliocentric.
• Eratosthenes (276-194 B.C.) was an astronomer
who was the first person to determine that the
earth was round.
– He was the first person to use the term “Geography.”
– Invented a system of latitude and longitude
– First to calculate the tilt of the earths axis.
Science/Philosophy
• Archimedes
– Worked on the geometry of spheres and cylinders.
– Established the value of pi
– Discovered specific gravity by observing the water he
displaced in his bath. (“Eureka!” I have found it) This
was used to determine the volume of objects.
– Archimedes Screw, The Claw of Archimedes, The
Archimedes Heat Ray.
Archimedes screw and method for
determining volume
The Claw and the Heat Ray
new system of thought
• Stoicism.
– Zeno was the teacher who came up with stoicism.
• He was a Syrian who came to Athens as a merchant but lost his
possessions on the voyage over.
• He was convinced by a philosopher that material possessions
didn’t matter and were not needed to become happy.
Stoics thought happiness could only be found by living in
harmony with the will of God. Then they could handle
whatever life offered them. The Stoic was considered a good
citizen.