Transcript Slide 1

Small Scale Industries and its
Pollution Potential
Nivit Kumar Yadav
Centre for Science and Environment
Small Scale Industries
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Hand Tools
Locks
Scientific Instruments
Diesel Engines and Parts
Textile Industries
Pharmaceuticals
Edible oil and vanaspati
Soaps and Detergents
Paper and Board mills
Safety matches
Stainless Steel Utensils
Wax Candles
Fire Works
Domestic Utensils - Aluminium
Small Scale Industries
• Definition
An industrial undertaking in which the
investment in fixed assets in plant and
machinery whether held on ownership
terms on lease or on hire purchase does
not exceed Rs 10 million.
Spread across the country
States/UTs
No. of SSIs
States/UTs
No. of SSIs
States/UTs
No. of SSIs
Jammu & Kashmir
20782
Himachal Pradesh
18139
Punjab
69604
Chandigarh
1536
Uttrakhand
30268
Haryana
43945
Delhi
7676
Rajasthan
65967
Uttar Pradesh
287627
Bihar
74868
Sikkim
244
Arunachal Pradesh
469
Nagaland
3479
Manipur
5294
Mizoram
4458
Tripura
1146
Meghalaya
4257
Assam
21837
West Bengal
49249
Jharkhand
28468
Orissa
19815
Chhattisgarh
41209
Madhya Pradesh
154439
Gujarat
186106
Maharashtra
134212
Andhra Pradesh
72107
Karnataka
159882
Kerala
197842
Tamil Nadu
316518
Total
2031910
Why SSIs?
• Strong Case: The sector employs 17
million people and is the second largest
employer of India's workforce after
agriculture.
• Value addition to economy: SSIs
accounts for 95% of all industrial units in
the country and 40% of total output.
• Decentralised industrial development
Energy Inefficient
• High energy consumption: The total
energy consumed in the SSIs is in the
order of about 8000 MW.
• Less efficient in process: Old technology
(foundry industry in Howrah is four decade
old), lack of finance, lack of technical
knowledge
Energy Inefficient
Glass Industry Cluster at Firozabad
Energy Intensive –
High potential for saving
• High potential for saving: SSIs offer an annual
energy saving potential of about 1000 MW which
is equivalent to Rs. 28000 Million.
• Opportunity:
 5 - 10% energy saving is possible simply by better
housekeeping measures.
 10-15% is possible with small investments like low
cost retrofits, use of energy efficient devices and
controls etc.
• Quantum of saving is much higher if high cost
measures like major retrofit, process
modifications etc. are considered.
Water pollution from SSIs in India
Industry
Cluster regions
Wastewaters generated
(million litres per day)
Engineering
Hand Tools — Jallandhar and Nagaur
Locks — Aligarh
Scientific Instruments — Ambala, Ajmer
Bicycle and Parts — Ludhiana
Brass Parts — Jamnagar
Diesel Engines and Parts — Kolhapur, Agra, Rajkot, Coimbatore, Ghaziabad
2125
Paper and Board mills
Textile Industries
1087
Woolen and Cotton Hosiery — Tiruppur, Ludhiana, Calcutta, Delhi
Organic Chemicals
450
60
Tanneries
Leather and leather products — Chennai, Ambur and Vaniambadi (Tamil Nadu), Calcutta
(West Bengal) and Agra and Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh)
50
Pharmaceuticals
Thane, Nasik
40
Dye and Dye
Intermediates
Pali,
32
Soaps and Detergents
10
Paints and varnishes
10
Petrochemicals
10
Edible oil and
vanaspati
7
River Pollution
• River Bhadar, Gujarat
1,200 sari dyeing and printing units in Jetpur: When public protests proved
ineffective, the people of downstream town Dhoraji filed a PIL After 14
years, the Gujarat High court ordered closure of Jetpur units till effluent
treatment plants were installed. But still little has happened.
• Rivers Bhavani and Noyyal, Tamil Nadu
800-odd dyeing and bleaching units in Tirupur: Water stored in the
Orathapalayam dam on the Noyyal downstream of Tirupur was expected to
irrigate 5 per cent of the land in the Noyyal basin but it is now so poor that
the farmers have filed a public interest litigation (PIL) against pollution from
Tirupur
• River Yamuna, Delhi
350 million litres of wastewater is released everyday in River Yamuna by
small scale industries in Delhi. However according to Pollution Control
members, 40 million litres per day is treated.
Case study
Sponge Iron Industry
Sponge Iron Industry
• Major success story in the Indian industrial
sector
• Till 1990s, only 3 plants
• By 2000-01, there were 22 plants with capacity
of 6.97 million tonnes
• Today, there are 206 sponge iron plants with
production capacity of 19 million tonnes
• Industry: Great!!!
• Environmentalist: Dangerous for environment
Sponge Iron Industry
Sponge Iron
Industry Map of
India
Sponge Iron Industry
Technology: Where the problem lies!
• Coal based or Gas based
• Coal based process is highly polluting
whereas gas based is cleaner process
• About 80 percent of coal based sponge
iron manufactured in the world comes form
India and about 60% of this production
comes from small scale industry.
Sponge Iron Industry:
Coal based process
Sponge Iron Industry
Input-Output
For a tonne of sponge iron, input is
• 1.6-1.75 tonnes of iron ore
• 1.2-1.5 tonnes of coal
• 0.035-0.05 tonnes of dolomite
• 1.5-2.0 tonnes of water
Output
• 1.8-2.0 tonnes of carbon dioxide
• 0.25 tonnes of dust
• 0.29 tonnes of coal char
• 0.02 tonnes of sulphur, water vapour
Sponge Iron Industry:
Cluster of Industry and Air Pollution
• The air is laden with smoke,
• The movements of trucks is high,
• The plants are located adjacent to or right in the middle
of a village or villages,
• The houses in these villages – roofs and walls - are
covered with dust, the leaves and forests in the vicinity
are black and not green in colour,
• Layers of soot accumulate on the skin, the eyes
experience a burning sensation if long hours are
spent in the area,
• Dumps of char and iron ore scrap lie along the roadside
Sponge Iron Industry:
Air Emission-Why?
• Most of the sponge iron units either did not
install ESPs, mandatory to control
hazardous emissions or do not run it to
save money.
• 1-2 tonnes of dust, if they are equipped
with required pollution control equipment,
otherwise dust emissions can be as high
as 10 tonnes per day.
Sponge Iron Industry:
Environmental Issues
Sponge Iron Industry:
Environmental Issues
Sponge Iron Industry:
Environmental Issues
• ‘Suspended particulate matter’ contains
cadmium, nickel, hexavalent chromium (most
dangerous through air and water), arsenic,
manganese, and copper which are considered
fatal even in small doses.
• Height of stack:These carcinogenic wastes are
emitted from the stacks or the chimneys in the
plant. Lower the height of the stack, the more
the probability of the emissions settling in and
around areas closer to the factory.
Sponge Iron Industry:
Environmental Issues
Water Pollution
• Many a time the solid waste (flyash, char, iron scrap) is dug into the
ground, polluting ground water. The direct disposal of industrial
effluents and coal washeries into rivers and streams is a common
phenomenon.
• The other method that is used for disposal is building of waste water
ponds in the factory campus. This stored toxic water then seeps
into the ground contaminating
the ground water.
• Even a large company like
Jindal Steel and Power Ltd dumps
fly ash in the nearby school ground,
riversides and in forest areas
and roadsides.
Sponge Iron Industry:
Health Impact
• Damage to the nervous system especially
among children due to exposure to lead
and mercury
• Danger of kidney ingestion due to mercury
• Skin irritation and various other skin
diseases
• Impact on women’s health and
reproductive system
Sponge Iron Industry:
Environmental Issues
• On health of livestock - It is not just human health that is
affected by the pollution; domestic animals, especially
livestock such as cattle are also affected.
• The crop residue and grasses that the cattle feed on, the
air that they breathe and the water they drink adversely
affects their health.
• Their milk and meat is contaminated with toxins, which in
turn affects the human beings who consume them.
• “The death of these cattle is very painful because of the
pollution from the sponge iron industries. Other domestic
animals like dogs have also been affected by the
pollution,” say the villagers of Kormunda in Sundergarh,
Orissa.
Sponge Iron Industry:
Environmental Issues
• Agriculture and crop production - Villages on the
periphery of SIIs have their agricultural lands
rendered almost unproductive with the
increasing accumulation of dust and air
emissions on the soil.
• The quality of the produce has also been
affected.
• “While cooking the rice we can see the amount
of dust in the grain as it collects in the vessel,”
say women in villages of Raigarh. “The crops
and fruits are damaged and yields reduced.”
Sponge Iron Industry:
Role of Politicians
• It is the state governments who are today really
providing a facilitative and pressure free
environment for the sponge iron industries, offering
them every subsidy and incentive available.
• The newly formed states of Chhattisgarh and
Jharkhand have evolved their industrial, water and
power policies at the dictates of industrialists.
• Jharkhand - The maximum number of SIIs
mushroomed in Saraikela, which was the
constituency of the former chief minister Arjun Singh
Munda.
• In the Giridih district of the state, SIIs are owned by
local politicians.
Case study
Textiles Mill in Pali and
Tiruppur
Textile mill: Process
• The Textile industries are very complex in nature
as far as varieties of products, process and raw
materials are concerned.
• Brief process:
– From raw cotton, yarn is produced.
– Weaving and knitting process to produce the cloth.
– Bleaching and dyeing operation. Bleaching is a
chemical process that removes unwanted colored
matter from cloth. During the dyeing operation color is
added to increase product value.
– Printing and finishing operation.
Dyeing Operation
• Dyeing operation: A number of dyes
chemicals and auxiliary chemicals are
used to impart desired quality in the
fabrics.
• Wastewater: Highly alkaline in nature and
contains high concentration COD and
TDS.
• It can cause environmental problems
unless it is properly treated before
disposal.
Air Pollution
• Air Pollution: Processing of fibres prior to
and during spinning and weaving
generates dust, lint etc. which degrades
working environment in the industry.
• Health Problem: Dust may cause
respiratory diseases in workers. A chronic
lung disease is commonly observed
among workers exposed to cotton, flax
and hemp dust
Water intensive
• Water requirement by textile sector:
Small and medium unit consumes - Average
175 liters of water for dying one kg of cloth
Large unit – 120 lit/ kg of cloth
Textile Sector : Water intensive
• Water requirement for different purposes
Purpose
Steam production
Cooling water
Deminerialised
water for specific
purposes
Wet process
Sanitary use
Fire fighting, etc.
Water
Consumption %
5
6
8
72
8
1
Wastewater Generation
Textile Mill in Pali
• Pali is an important district of Rajasthan,
having a population of 18,19, 201 people.
It
• It is situated on the banks of river Bandi.
• Problematic Point: There are around 989
dyeing and printing units, most of which
discharge their untreated textile effluents,
directly into river Bandi.
Textile Mill in Pali
• According to the Rajasthan State Pollution
Control Board (RSPCB), these units
discharge approximately 34 million litres
per day (mld) today.
• Since 1983, three common effluent
treatment plants (CETPs) with a capacity
to treat 22.5 mld of industrial effluent have
been installed at the cost of Rs 8.13 crore.
Textile Mill in Pali
• Where is the Problem? - Currently less
than 45 per cent of the generated effluents
are treated before disposal into the river.
CETP
Volume of effluent treated (mld)
CETP I
4.65
CETP II
5.12
CETP III
4.62
Total
14.39
Percentage of effluent
treated
42.3
Textile Mill in Pali
• Industries are not connected to the
treatment plants:
– Weak regulatory framework: Currently, there
is no system to connect the unregulated
industries to the common effluent treatment
plant.
– According to RSPCB, 193 textile mills are not
functional as on date and 151 industrial units
are not connected to CETPs. These
industries discharge the waste to the
drains and to the river.
Textile Mill in Pali
• Poor Efficiency: Even if all the waste is
conveyed to the treatment plant, the
efficiency of treatment is very poor.
• Only CETP I working: Analysis of the
data provided by CETP officials shows that
the BOD, COD and TSS values of the
CETP II and CETP III are much higher
than the norms set by the RSPCB.
Textile Mill in Pali
• High BOD: BOD values were in the range
of 80-110 mg/l in CETP II and 40-110 mg/l
in CETP III as against the norm of 30mg/l.
• High COD: COD values were in the range
of 420-480 mg/l in CETP II and 270-450
mg/l in CETP III as against the norm of
250mg/l.
Textile Mill in Tiruppur
• Tiruppur – A textile hub
• In 1981 – Only 26 bleaching and dyeing
units in Tiruppur.
• In 1991 - increased to 324
• In 2001 – number increased to 702
• Most of the units are located on the sides
of Noyyal river - Convenient to discharge
the effluent.
Textile mill in Tiruppur
• Water
consumption
by
the
processing
units has also
increased over
time from 4.4
(mld) in 1980 to
40.8 mld in
1990 and to 86
mld in 2000
Textile mill in Tiruppur
• High TDS (3000 to 11000 mg/lit) in Open wells and bore wells in and
around Tiruppur and the downstream
stretch of Noyyal river
• High level of chloride (> 2000 mg/l; in
certain areas up to 5000 mg/l) due to
industrial pollution (Standard is 1000
mg/l)
Textile mill in Tiruppur
• High concentration of heavy metals in
ground water - including zinc, chromium,
copper, and cadmium.
• Available ground water is not suitable for
domestic, industrial or irrigation use.
• Noyyal river – Down stream of river highly
polluted and not fit for aquatic organisms
Textile mill in Tiruppur:
Drinking water problem
• Due to surface & ground water pollution Municipality is bringing 32 mld of water
from the neighbouring (Bhavani) basin for
drinking water supply.
• More than 90 per cent water brought
through tankers from peripheral villages
located 25 - 30 km away from Tiruppur.
• Tiruppur textiles – Spend Rs. 89.10 crore
on water purchasing.
Textile mill in Tiruppur
Case study
Small Scale Mining
Small Scale Mining
• Definition: Mine area, production, level of
mechanization, number of people employed or
capital investment.
• Pakistan and United States: Small scale mines
are defined in terms of employment which is
“mines with less than 50 workers in Pakistan and
less than 20 in United States”.
• Capital investment is another criterion for smallscale mining, varying from specified limits such
as $2.5 million in Argentina, R8 million in South
Africa, $1 million in Thailand, $30,000 in
Zimbabwe
Small Scale Mining
• India specific definition: “Small-scale mines are
those where investment may not exceed Rs.6
million and if beneficiation/processing plants are
installed the investment may not exceed Rs.10
million”.
• National Institute of Small Mines (NISM) has
adopted a different parameter for SSM, which is
all mines producing upto 0.1 million tonne per
annum for small.
Small Scale Mining
• Common practice in all countries: It is
estimated that it contributes as much as
15–20 per cent of the global value of nonfuel mineral production.
• Indian mining industry also operates a
number of small mines spread throughout
the country.
Small Scale Mining:
No Data
• No Data: SSM does not fall under the
purview of the IBM, so there is no official
data on number of SSM in India.
• The minor minerals fall under the
jurisdiction of respective state government,
which has a poor track record in
maintaining statistics.
Small Scale Mining
•
Other than fuel minerals which is reserved for public sector, smallscale mines dominate Indian mining industry
Out of 578 coal & lignite mines
26% or 150 are SMS
Out of 2618 metallic and non-metallic
95% or 2523 are SMS
Out of 5000 minor minerals mines
98% or 4900 are SMS
Out of 500 non-formal minor mineral
mines
100% or 500 are SMS
Total - 8696
Total – 8037 (92.4%)
Small Scale Mining:
Advantages
• High employment potential (Worldwide, it is
estimated that about 13 million people are
directly engaged in small-scale mining.)
• According to a report, the total employment
generated by SSM in the country is about 0.5
million.
• Provides a source of employment in all seasons
• Extract mineral present in small quantity and in
remote areas
Small Scale Mining:
Disadvantages
• Unrecognised sector: The sector
contributes a significant 10 per cent to the
total mineral value produced in the
country.
• The sector is recognised by low salary,
poor working condition, no consideration
of health and safety, out-dated technology,
higher cost of production, poor quality.
Small Scale Mining:
Poor environmental performance
• Profit making – No initiative for mineral
conservation, environmental protection
• Destroy vegetation and ecology (small-scale
mining of limestone in the Mussoorie Hills
resulted in widespread degradation of the
Himalayan environment)
• No monitoring no initiative to meet
environmental standard
• No safety (According to the ILO, the annual
fatality rate in the small-scale mines in the
country ranges around 15-50 per year)
Small Scale Mining
Women: Worst sufferers
• Of the 13 million or so miners engaged in the world,
approximately 30 per cent are women.
• Approximately 6-7 per cent (~20,400) of miners in India
are women.
Poor working condition for women
• Lower salary then men
• No benefit such as paid holidays or maternity leave
• No access to safety equipment
• Exploitation by mine owner
• Due to constant exposure to dust, noise and poor water
quality, they also suffer from occupational hazards such
as respiratory problems, silicosis, tuberculosis, arthritis,
poor vision and deafness
Small Scale Mining
Should there be ban on small scale mining?
• Logical as unchecked operations of small-scale
mining has destroyed environment and it is often
hard to monitor, manage and prevent pollution
from these small mines.
• Devise mechanism: It is an important source of
income for millions of people and efforts should
be made to integrate them into main stream and
devise mechanism for controlling them better.
• Need proper monitoring by government
agencies, IBM, State Pollution Control Board,
activist and NGOs.