Transcript Slide 1

APA Guide to Citations,
References, and All That Jazz
With Writing Specialist
Jamie Patterson, M.A.
Advanced APA Tips
1. In text citations
2. Reference list citations
3. Editorial APA
4. Heading levels
In text citations
• Citations give credibility.
• Establish your topic as relevant (other
people are talking about it!).
• Give your reader access to the information
you reference.
In text citations
• Show your reader where you got your
information.
• They create reference points for your
reader to follow.
• You’re saying “hey, lots of people are
talking about this, man. It’s important.”
Basic Formula
(Author, publication year)
In text citations
• (Author, 2009)
• (Author, 2009, p. 23)
– p. for one page
– pp. for multiple pages
– para. for paragraph numbers
• (Author & Author, 2009)
Citations in Text
To cite a specific part of a source, indicate the
page, chapter, figure, table, or equation at the
appropriate point in text. Note that the words
page and chapter are abbreviated in such
text citations:
(Cheek & Buss, 1981, p. 332)
(Shimamura, 1989, chap. 3)
APA pp. 208-209 (5th) pp. 174-179 (6th)
• Three, four, and five authors
– Cite all of the surnames at first mention
• (Patterson, Rivers, & Timmerman, 2009)
– Each subsequent mention just the surname
followed by et al.
• (Patterson et al., 2009)
• Six or more authors
– Cite only the first surname followed by et al.
the first time and every time.
• Use p. to indicate a single page
– (Wold, 2008, p. 2)
• Use pp. to indicate multiple pages
– (Rivers, 2008, pp. 2-5)
• Use para. to indicate paragraph number
(APA 6.05)
– (Cook, 2008, para. 34)
When to cite publication date
• Per APA p. 174 in sixth edition:
Within a paragraph, when the name of the
author is part of the narrative…you need not
include the year in subsequent
nonparenthetical references to a study.
Do include the year in all parenthetical
citations.
APA pp. 174-175
However, when both the name
and the year are in
parentheses…include the year in
subsequent citations within the
paragraph.
Patterson (2008) found that citing is
fun. Patterson took great care in her
research and is confident in this fun as
truth. In fact “students really grow to love
APA (Patterson, 2008, p. 23). In her study,
Patterson (2008) also found that students
secretly love APA, even in the beginning.
Block quotes
•
•
•
•
•
40 words or more
No quotation marks
Punctuation before the citation
One half inch indented on the left
Double spaced (SIXTH EDITION!!!)
Citing can be fun and is often misunderstood:
Citing is both trickier and easier than you
might think. It is just a matter of figuring
out what goes where and following a set
of standard rules. Nothing more, nothing
less. (Patterson, 2008, para.2)
The Colon
• Only use a colon to introduce a block
quote if preceded by a complete sentence.
Otherwise, only use punctuation that is
appropriate (which sometimes means no
punctuation!).
• APA p. 90
As Patterson stated,
Citing is both trickier and easier than
you might think. It is just a matter of
figuring out what goes where and
following a set of standard rules.
Nothing more, nothing less. (2008,
para. 2)
It has been determined that
Citing is both trickier and easier than you
might think. It is just a matter of figuring out
what goes where and following a set of
standard rules. Nothing more, nothing less.
(Patterson, 2008, para. 2)
Integrating your Quotes
• Avoid having a quotation alone in a
sentence.
Instead of:
“Citing is fun” (Patterson, 2008, p. 23).
Try:
Patterson found that “citing is fun”
(2008, p. 23).
Last bit nitpick
• Do not begin a section with a quote
• Do not end a section with a quote
When to cite?
• Cite anything that includes actual statistics
or figures (50% of the population
believes...), and cite anything that anyone
could pick a fight with you about (that
means you don't need to cite that the
Earth is round).
• Picture someone looking over your
shoulder. Would they know your source?
When to cite when paraphrasing
“When paraphrasing or referring to an idea
contained in another work, you are
encouraged to provide a page or
paragraph number.”
APA sixth edition, section 6.04, p. 171.
Sample
A recent study found 95% of students
surveyed love APA style (Moe, 2006). In
fact, this same study indicated students
would go to colossal lengths to refer to
their APA manuals. This supports the
findings of earlier studies done by Larry
(2001) and Curly (1984); these combined
findings show students embrace this
citation style over time.
Cool stuff about sixth edition
• Nifty table on in text citations: table 6.1.
p. 177
What about websites?
You’ll never have a URL as a citation.
You will find the author and publication date
and cite as you would any other source.
How do I Find the Author?
• An individual
• An organization
• The name of the website
And the Publication Date?
• Published on date
• Last updated date
• Copyright date
The last known date the information was
deemed relevant.
If all else fails….
Use n.d. for no date
Citing electronic sources in text
For electronic sources that do not provide page
numbers, use the paragraph number, if
available, preceded by the paragraph symbol or
the abbreviation para. If neither paragraph nor
page numbers are visible, cite the heading and
the number of the paragraph following it to direct
the reader to the location of the material (see
section 6.05).
(Myers, 2000, para. 5)
(Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)
When can I use a URL in text?
• Only when citing an ENTIRE website.
You can purchase tickets at the
Northwest Airlines website (www.nwa.com).
You’ll identify the full name of the website in
text and the URL for the landing page (or
host name) parenthetically. No hyperlinks.
The In-N-Out Burger website was recently
updated (www.in-n-out.com).
One last note…
• No reference list citation for entire
websites.
• Follow these rules and you’re
done!
Removing a Hyperlink
www.cnn.com
• Right click on the hyperlinked URL
• Select remove hyperlink from the menu
www.cnn.com
Breaking APA News
This is an extremely fast-moving environment: common usage develops
quickly, leaving print resources easily bypassed.
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DOI
e-journal
e-mail
FTP
LISTSERV* (tm)
• the generic term is electronic mailing list
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PDF
SGML
URL
website
*LISTSERV is a trademarked, proprietary term; unless you know that is
what is being used, you should use "electronic mailing list" rather than the,
admittedly, more commonly used "list server."
Quick Review
One Author
(Sinatra, 2007)
Two Authors
(Sinatra & Garland, 2007)
Three, Four, and Five Authors
First mention:
(Sinatra, Garland, & Fitzgerald, 2009)
Each subsequent mention:
(Sinatra et al., 2009)
et al.
English translation: and others.
et al.
Six or More Authors
(Sinatra et al., 2009)
The first time and every time.
6.13 An organization
(Wonka, Inc., 2005)
3.97 No author
(“Title of Article,” 2002)
3.98 Same surname
K. Wold (2005) and H. Wold (2007)
discovered Wold is more common a last
name than typically thought.
Same surname, same source
Smith and Smith found that working with
your spouse can be lots of fun (2007).
Citing Multiple Sources
Parenthetically 3.99
• Alphabetical order
– (Beta Band, 2007; Cook, 2004; Super, 2009)
• Authors separated by a semicolon
• Multiple years with the same author have
older year first, and use a, b, c designation
for same years
– (Poppycock, 2005a, 2005b; Zounds, 2001)
Personal Communication 6.20
• Includes interviews, emails, lectures, and more
• Doesn’t appear in reference lists
B. A. Superciter (personal communication, June
1, 2006) found....
(M. I. Right, personal communication, February
17, 2007)
Can I cite myself? APA p. 170 (6th)
• Although students may be writing for a second,
third, or fourth time on a topic, their writing at
Walden is expected to reflect new approaches
and insights into a topic to demonstrate their
intellectual growth.
• When using their own scholarly work in
subsequent research, students should cite
themselves as primary author and their own
previous coursework or KAM demonstrations as
unpublished papers, as shown in the APA
publication manual.
APA p. 211 for example
Reference list:
Doe, J. (2006). Praxis 1. Unpublished
manuscript, Walden University.
In text:
Evidence from several trips to the moon by
NASA suggests it is made of bleu cheese (Curie,
as cited in Doe, 2006).
So the answer is….yes?
• Cite accordingly
• Email your professor
Citing secondary source
If Cook’s work is cited in Rivers, and you did
not read Cook, you’ll cite Rivers (what you
actually read) in your reference list, and
Rivers parenthetically in text.
Name the original work, and give a citation
for the secondary source.
Sample
Cook’s study (as cited in Rivers, 1992) found
that….
Rivers, H. (1992). I actually read this article.
A Reader’s Kind of Place, 1(20), 220-240.
Report the Literature in Past Tense
Percy (1935) found
Mathieu (1955) argued
Korrapati (1975) wrote
Lynch (1995) discussed
Espinosa (2005) reported
Zuckerman (2009) whined, fished, indicated, extorted
Questions?
• Up next:
– Plagiarism
– Reference list
– Editorial APA
– Heading levels
Plagiarism
Plagiarism 101:
• Plagiarism is representing other people’s
work as your own
• It often happens innocently when you’re in
a hurry, have the source open next to you,
or don’t feel comfortable with the material
Avoiding Plagiarism
• Cite everything exactly like we talked
about here.
• Do not have the source open when you’re
summarizing.
• Do not try to paraphrase sentence by
sentence. Paraphrase the entire idea.
Avoiding Plagiarism
Avoid the thesaurus like the plague.
Throw it out your window.
Seriously.
Plagiarism Software (turnitin, etc.)
Your professors do use turnitin.com on
your papers.
What is turnitin?
How do you read a turnitin report?
• Overall Similarity Index.
•
As stated in the Turnitin Student User Guide
(2006), “papers submitted to Turnitin are
compared against billions of internet
documents, an archived copy of the
internet, our local databases of submitted
student papers, and a database of
periodicals, journals, & publications” (p. 7).
The percentage provided here is based on
your essay’s overall similarity to these
documents.
Here you will find a percentage-based
breakdown of all the sources that Turnitin is
identifying in your essay. However, as the
program readily admits, a reading that shows a
high percentage does not necessarily mean the
paper has been plagiarized (Turnitin, 2006, p. 7).
The results here should therefore be read as a
prioritized list and nothing more, the higher the
percentage the more frequently the source is
appearing in the document whether
appropriately cited or not.
It is now your responsibility (and, to a
lesser extent, the responsibility of your
instructor, advisor, and tutor) to examine
the academic integrity of each one of
these instances. Is the highlighted portion
appropriately cited? Is it paraphrased
correctly? Is it in your own words? Have
you referenced material that you’ve
actually read? Have you cited your
secondary sources appropriately?
How the Writing Center deals with
Plagiarism
• If we spot uncited material we will:
– Send you an email warning and inform you of
Walden’s zero tolerance policy.
– Provide information on how to properly cite
and paraphrase.
Our job is to teach you how to do these
things well so you stay out of trouble!
Questions?
• Up next:
– Reference list
– Editorial APA
– Heading levels
Order of Sources
• Alphabetical
• Nothing precedes something
– Brown, J. will go before Browning
– Brown will go before Brown, J.
– MacArthur before McAllister
• Same author, multiple sources
– Oldest source first
One last thing…
• Soltz, A. (1996)
• Soltz, A., & Patterson, P. (2000)
Same author, same year:
• Soltz, A. (1996a). The first thing.
• Soltz, A. (1996b). The second thing.
– Determined by alphabetical order of
document title.
Book
• APA 7.02
Author, A. (publication date). Title of book in
italics. Publishing city, abbreviated state:
Name of Publisher.
Book sample
Patterson, J. (2000). I wrote a book!
Minneapolis, MN: The Ultimate Publisher.
Chapters in an edited book
• APA p. 204
Author, A. (publishing date). Title of the
chapter or article. In A. Editor & B. Editor
(Eds.), Title of book in italics (pp. 2-3).
Lawrence, KS: Arlinghaus.
Journal
• APA 7.01
Author, A. (publication date). Title of article in
sentence case, plain text. Title of Journal
in Title Case, Italics, 1(2), 3-5.
Sentence case?
• The capitalization is as it is in a sentence.
The first word capitalized and the first
word after punctuation (including colons!)
is capitalized.
Author, A. (2009). This is an example: Holy
cow! Easier than I thought! San Diego,
CA: Shocking News Group.
Reference List Changes
Most aspects are unchanged from the 5th
edition, and especially unchanged from the
2007 APA Guide to Electronic Sources.
Some things were simplified.
.
Reference List Changes
• State postal abbreviations are now required
with all cities.
• The journal issue number is no longer
indicated if the journal is not paginated by
issue.
.
Abbreviated States
Before:
Patterson, J. (2009). My life. New York: Paddy
Publisher.
Now:
Patterson, J. (2009). My life. New York, NY: Paddy
Publisher.
Issue number
Before:
Patterson, J. (2008). Article. Journal, 1(2), 3-4.
Now:
Patterson, J. (2008). Article. Journal, 1, 3-4.
Reference List Changes
• Seven: list up to and including all seven
authors.
• For eight or more, list the first six authors . . . +
Last Author in the reference list.
• But in text you can continue to use et al. if you
have six or more names in a group.
.
Patterson, J., Cook, A., Rivers, H., Marshall,
H., Ball, T., O’Keefe, J. … Strutt, K. (2009).
The book they wrote. Minneapolis, MN:
Paddy Publishers.
Electronic Sources: APA 6th ed.
Three preferences, in order, for identifying sources.
1.The doi number [lowercase, no period after]
2.The URL of the journal’s home page
A retrieval date and the database name are no longer
required unless there’s a chance the original might
disappear.
.
DOI
• Digital object identifier
– Used to easily identify objects in a digital environment
– Provides an actionable, interoperable, persistent link
– www.doi.org
• Handy website for finding a doi
– http://www.crossref.org
All information regarding DOI in the following pages was retrieved from
California State University San Marcos
http://library.csusm.edu/subject_guides/psychology/doi.asp
Reference List: Examples
Hatter, M., Rabbit, W., & Wonderland, A. (2005). Tea party etiquette. What to do in
Wonderland, 34(2), 221-228. doi:######
Hatter, M., Rabbit, W., & Wonderland, A. (2005). Tea party etiquette. What to do in
Wonderland, 34(2), 221-228. Retrieved from
http://www.wonderlandjournal.com
.
Electronic Document
Author. (publication date). Title of document
in italics. Retrieved on month day, year
from www.urlhere.com
Questions?
• Up next:
– Editorial APA
– Heading levels
Editorial APA
• APA style is more than just citations
(believe it or not!).
• Hyphens, heading levels, grammar,
punctuation, and spelling are all part of the
APA publication manual.
A few of the hidden rules…
Ellipses points APA p. 119 (5th)
• You will not use ellipses points before or
after direct quotes.
– Use three spaced ellipsis points (…) within a
sentence to indicate you have omitted
material.
– Use four spaced ellipsis points (….) to
indicate you have omitted material between
sentences.
Patterson said that “…citing is super good
fun” (2009, p. 23).
Patterson said that “citing is…fun” (2009, p.
23).
Patterson said that “citing is super good
fun….although it might be an acquired joy”
(2009, p. 23).
Parentheses
Rivers stated that it was too much
information (TMI)(2009).
Rivers stated that it was too much
information (TMI; 2009).
USE A SERIAL COMMA.
(Groucho, Chico, Harpo, & Zeppo, 1932)
Steelers, Penguins, and Pirates (2009)
Quick APA Review: Some Things Old,
Some Things New
Numbers 10 and above as numerals.
Nine and lower spelled out, with exceptions:
A 2-year-old boy; for 3 months, 10 days
New: about three years old
New: three participants (not 3); three subjects.
• The facility had 150 managers, 75 of whom, or
50%, were unnecessary.
• The study was conducted over a 3-week period,
with two 30-minute sessions each day.
• In this phenomenological study, five men and 11
women suffering from toenail fungus were
interviewed.
• The three preferred food choices of State Fair
goers are chocolate chip cookies, anything on a
stick, and deep-fried cheese curds.
Seriation
The three preferred food choices of State Fair goers
are (a) chocolate chip cookies, (b) anything on a
stick, and (c) deep-fried cheese curds.
The three preferred food choices of State Fair
goers are:
1. Chocolate chip cookies.
2. Anything on a stick.
3. Deep-fried cheese curds.
New in the 6th edition
Bullets are now allowed.
The preferred food choices of State Fair goers are
• chocolate chip cookies,
• anything on a stick, and
• deep-fried cheese curds.
Little APA Things
• The term subjects is now permitted. Still better:
participants, or clients, or managers, or something
specific.
• Italicize statistical abbreviations, like p, t test, n and N, F
ratio, and so on.
• Lowercase theories (theory of learned behavior).
• Lowercase disorders or diseases (bipolar disorder,
posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD], multiple sclerosis)
• New: Appendices instead of appendixes.
Questions?
• Up next:
– Heading levels
Headings
• Use more headings rather than fewer.
• Keep in mind your reader is a slow
processor.
• Create a path for your reader to follow.
• BUT you still need to transition between
your paragraphs.
Heading levels in a paper
Heading levels in your table of
contents
The heading levels are completely
different
Here is APA 5th edition.
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW [L5]
History of the Florida Citrus Industry [L1]
Blah blah blah I can’t say enough about a market economy.
Herr Sunkist’s Arrival [L3]
Blah blah Baron von Sunkist blah blah ya di ya di da da fortune in the German
hops industry blah moved to Florida for the weather.
Why apples didn’t work . [L4] He tried cabbage and planting wiener schnitzel
and eventually spent millions on apples to no avail.
Dependable Cheap Labor [L3]
Blah blah blah Sunkist exploited blah blah ya da da exploited ya did da and
exploited as if Florida cares about migrant laborers.
Union busting in sunny Florida. Blah blah antiunion blah blah.
The heading levels are completely
different
Here is APA 6th edition: 3.03
Chapter 2: Literature Review [L0]
Walden invention
History of the Florida Citrus Industry [L1]
The rise of the citrus industry is a testament to the beauty of capitalism.
Herr Sunkist’s Arrival [L2]
Blah blah Baron von Sunkist blah blah yada yada fortune in the German hops
industry blah moved to Florida for the weather.
Why apples didn’t work. [L3] He tried cabbage and planting wiener schnitzel
and eventually spent millions on apples to no avail.
Dependable cheap labor [L4]. Blah blah blah Sunkist exploited blah blah yada
yada exploited migrant laborers.
Union busting in sunny Florida [L5]. Blah blah antiunion blah blah.
Chapter 2: Literature Review [L0]
History of the Florida Citrus Industry [L1]
The rise of the citrus industry is a testament to the beauty of capitalism.
Herr Sunkist’s Arrival [L2]
Blah blah Baron von Sunkist blah blah yada yada fortune in the German hops
industry blah moved to Florida for the weather.
Why apples didn’t work. [L3] He tried cabbage and planting wiener schnitzel
and eventually spent millions on apples to no avail.
All new levels
Dependable cheap labor [L4]. Blah blah blah Sunkist exploited
blah
blah
using
using
bolds
bolds.
and yada
italics and
yada exploited migrant laborers.
Union busting in sunny Florida [L5]. Blah blah antiunion blah blah.
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