Transcript No Slide Title

ECE200 – Computer Organization
Chapter 8 – Interfacing
Processors and Peripherals
Chapter 7 versus Chapter 8 views

Chapter 7 covered the high-level interface
between memory and I/O

Chapter 8 covers the nitty-gritty details of
getting data in and out of I/O devices

You are only responsible for the subset of
Chapter 8 that we cover in class
The big picture

Memory-I/O bus handles data and
communication between the CPU, memory, and
I/O
Bus basics

A bus consists of
A
set of wires over which data and bus commands are
transferred
 Communication protocols for determining bus ownership,
(which device can currently use the bus), bus commands, and
responses to commands

To use the bus, a device (cache, memory, or I/O)
must first arbitrate for the usage of the bus in
order to get exclusive usage for the required
time period

A bus operation may consist of sending
 Bus
commands (e.g., read, write)
 Addresses (e.g., of the memory location to read or write)
 Data (e.g., to be returned in response to a read command)
Split transaction bus

The bus is free for other uses after a command
that requires a response is sent over the bus

Example
 L2
cache miss occurs
 L2 cache gains control of the bus, and then sends a request to
MM for the block
 MM receives the request and starts the access, during which
the bus is free for other uses
 When the MM has completed the access, it arbitrates for the
bus, and then sends the requested data to the L2 cache

Implementation of a split transaction bus is very
complicated!

Most memory-I/O buses in
laptop/desktop/server systems are split
transaction and 64-256 bits wide (for data)
The OS and I/O

User programs request I/O services through
system call exceptions to the OS

The OS provides the low-level software routines
(drivers) that send commands to the I/O device
and read status back

Multiple programs need to share I/O services
and need them to be protected from each other
Communicating with an I/O device

The CPU sends commands to the I/O device over
the memory-I/O bus and reads status back

Approach 1: memory-mapped I/O
A
portion of the memory address space is reserved for
sending commands (as store instructions) and reading status
(as load instructions)
 The reserved pages are designated as non-cacheable so that
they bypass the caches
 The memory addresses are ignored by the main memory
 Particular addresses are reserved for particular devices
 User programs cannot use these instructions, only the OS
 Used by MIPS and many others

Approach 2: special privileged I/O instructions
are defined in the ISA
 Used
by X86
Checking device status



The OS needs to know when an I/O action (e.g.,
mouse movement, printer done) has occurred
With polling, the OS periodically reads the device
status registers to check if particular status bits
have been set by the device
In interrupt-driven I/O, the device raises an
interrupt (exception) when it has taken some
action
 The
OS determines the device through the exception
information and takes action
 Useful for devices with high data rates (e.g., disks) for
which the overhead of polling would be prohibitive
Data transfer between I/O and memory

Simplest approach is for the CPU to perform the
data transfer through load and store operations
(assuming memory-mapped I/O)
 CPU
determines either through polling or interrupts that the
transfer is done and another can occur
load
store
Data transfer between I/O and memory

A common higher performance alternative is
direct memory access (DMA) in which the device
directly transfers data to/from memory without
CPU intervention
DMA operation

Processor provides to the DMA device the
number of bytes to transfer, the memory
address, and the operation to be performed
DMA operation

The device performs the transfer over the
memory-I/O bus to or from memory
DMA operation

The device interrupts the processor
DMA operation

The processor reads the status registers to
determine if the operation completed without
errors
M68HC11 embedded microprocessor

8-bit microprocessor

Read-Only Memory (ROM)
 Holds
code (program)
 Program once, not easily writable thereafter
 Contents are maintained when system is powered off

Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM
(EEPROM)
 Can
be written, but slowly
 Holds configuration information, etc.
 Contents are maintained when system is powered off

SRAM
 Used
to hold variables, etc.
M68HC11 embedded microprocessor

Serial and parallel I/O interfaces

Analog to digital (A/D) converter
 Converts
analog input signals (voltage level) to a binary
representation that can be processed within the CPU

Timer
 Can
be used to periodically interrupt the CPU to perform some
function, e.g., read incoming data on a parallel port
M68HC11 block diagram
M68HC11 parallel I/O interfaces

Five ports (PORT A-PORT E)

8 bits wide except for D (6 bits)

PORT B is output only

PORT E is input only
 Can

be used as input for an A/D converter
PORT C and PORT D are bidirectional
 Individual
pins can be configured as inputs or outputs
Configuring parallel I/O ports

Parallel I/O ports C and D can be configured
 Whether
each pin is used as an input or output
 Type of handshaking used to interface with peripherals
 Whether interrupts are generated on external events

Parallel I/O registers lie between the CPU and
the I/O ports
 To
read or write port data and for configuration
Parallel I/O registers
address
register
name
bit 7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
$1000
PORTA
bit 7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
$1002
PIOC
STAF
STAI
CWOM HNDS
OIN
PLS
EGA
INVB
$1003
PORTC
bit 7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
$1004
PORTB
bit 7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
$1005
PORTCL
bit 7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
$1007
DDRC
bit 7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
$1008
PORTD
0
0
5
4
3
2
1
0
$1009
DDRD
0
0
5
4
3
2
1
0
$100A
PORTE
bit 7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
$1026
PACTL
DDRA7 PAEN PAMOD PEDGE 0
0
RTR1
RTR0
$1028
SPCR
SPIE
CPHA
SPR1
SPR0

SPE
DWOM MSTR
CPOL
Addresses for PORT A through PORT E can be
referenced for reading or writing port data
Data direction registers

Ports C and D each have an 8-bit data direction
register (DDRC and DDRD)

The direction (input or output) of each pin is
configured by writing a value to the DDR bit
0
configures as input, 1 as output
Handshaking modes

Handshaking refers to the manner in which two

Three handshake modes available for Port C
interfacing units coordinate data transfer
 Simple
strobe mode
 Full-input handshake
 Full-output handshake

Two signals (STRA and STRB) used for status or
latching of data

PIOC register is used to configure handshaking
 Written
by software to set up the desired mode, polarity of
signals, etc.
Simple strobe handshaking – output

Enabled when HNDS=0 in the PIOC register

STRB is pulsed in conjunction with a write to the
PORT B register
PORT B
new PORT B data
STRB

INVB control bit in PIOC specifies the STRB
polarity

Timing signals transition in relation to the HC11
clock
Simple strobe handshaking – input

Transition on STRA is used to latch incoming
data into the PORT C register
PORT C
new PORT C data
STRA
STAF

Polarity determined by EGA bit in PIOC

STAF bit in PIOC gets set after STRA latches
data, and reset when data is read out by the CPU
 STAF
01 creates an interrupt if STAI=1 in PIOC

STRA is asynchronous in relation to HC11 clock

STAF transition occurs in relation to HC11 clock
Full-input handshaking

Enabled when HNDS=1 and OIN=0 in PIOC

PORT C used as an input

Transition on STRA used to latch incoming data

STRB used as a “ready” signal that indicates that
the HC11 can accept new data on PORT C
 Latching
data into PORT C negates STRB
 Reading data out of PORT C asserts STRB
PORT C
STRA
STAF
STRB
Read of
PORT C
new PORT C data
Full-output handshaking

Enabled when HNDS=1 and OIN=1 in PIOC

PORT C used as an output

STRB is asserted when data is written to PORT C

STRA is driven by the external peripheral to
indicate that it has received the data
 STRB
gets deasserted
 STAF is set indicating that new data can be written to PORT C
Write of
PORT C
PORT C
STRB
STRA
STAF
new PORT C data
MC68HC11 Timer

The timer can be used to measure the time of
events and to generate periodic interrupts

The timer consists of
A

A
16-bit free-running counter
Sets an overflow bit when it wraps around to 0
prescalar that sets the number of clock cycles between
which the counter is incremented

1, 4, 8, or 16
 Comparators
for measuring elapsed time
 A real-time interrupt function

The timer can generate periodic interrupts
 Useful
for forcing the CPU to perform some function on a
regular basis to meet some deadline, e.g., monitoring
temperature and controlling coolant flow

Interrupt handler calls the functions to be
periodically performed
A/D converter

Each PORT E
input serves as
an input channel
for the A/D
converter

All 8 inputs can
be connected
and sampled at
different times
A/D converter

Converter creates a binary representation in one
of the four A/D result registers (ADR1-ADR4)
that is proportional to the voltage on the input
channel
 ADR1,
ADR2, ADR3, ADR4 are at addresses $1031, $1032,
$1033, and $1034, respectively

Other registers allow you to configure the
converter
Questions?