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APPLICATIONS OF YOGA IN DAILY LIFE:
A RESEARCH-BASED PRESENTATION
Shirley Telles MBBS, Ph.D. (Neurophysiology)
[email protected]
Director, Patanjali Research Foundation
PATANJALI YOGPEETH, HARIDWAR, INDIA
(www.patanjaliresearchfoundation.com)
Some definitions of Yoga
Yoga is the process of gaining mastery over
modifications of the mental state
Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras (Circa 900 B.C.)
Yoga is the skill to calm the mind
Yoga Vasista
(Ancient; Circa 3700 B.C. + earlier )
Yoga is equilibrium
Bhagavad Gita (Ancient; Sacred Text)
The ancient sages of India
and
Then why do experiments?
QUESTIONS
1. Are the effects seen in the laboratory the same as
those described in ancient texts?
2. What are the effects of a particular practice?
3. Once we know the effects how can we apply it?
• In daily life – at school, at work
• In rehabilitation
• In health
SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUES
USED
ENERGY EXPENDITURE
AUTONOMIC VARIABLES
A volunteer seated in a
sound attenuated cabin
AUTONOMIC VARIABLES
Heart Rate Variability
Improved adaptation to
differing requirements
Adaptation:
The ability to increase the rate when
required –
The ability to decrease the rate when
required –
EVOKED POTENTIALS AND EEG
DO CERTAIN PRACTICES
INCREASE THE BLOOD FLOW TO
THE BRAIN?
Detector
Light Source
FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE
IMAGING (fMRI)
NEW TECHNIQUES
IMPORTANCE OF
QUALITATIVE
ANALYSIS
OLD TECHNIQUES
OBSERVATION,
INTROSPECTION
1. Use of paper & pencil tests,
simple equipment
2. Importance of individual
reports
3. Interviews, structured & unstructured
TYPES OF
QUESTIONS
ASKED IN YOGA
RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
1. Are the effects seen in the laboratory the same as
those described in ancient texts?
2. What are the effects of a particular practice?
3. Once we know the effects how can we apply it?
• In daily life – at work, at school
• In rehabilitation
• In health
Physiology of Pranayamas

Right uninostril breathing

Left uninostril breathing and

Alternate nostril breathing (nadisuddhi
pranayama)
FROM THE ANCIENT TEXTS
“Doing peaceful work, obtaining nourishment,
collecting grain…..the best actions to perform
during the flow through the left swara (nostril?)..”
“Studying the scriptures, journeying , hunting,
controlling an elephant….during the flow through
right swara (nostril?)”
Swara Yoga (Shiva Swarodaya);
Verse 105, Verse 123
Right nostril breathing
(Surya anuloma viloma)



Oxygen consumption
Blood pressure
Brain functions on the right side
BioPsychosocial Medicine, 2011
Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback, 2008
Neurol Sci, 2004
Psychol Reports, 1997
J Alt Comp Med, 1996
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 1994
APPLICATIONS

Young obese

Slow learners

Depression (?)
Left nostril breathing
(Chandra anuloma viloma)


Blood pressure
Imperceptible sweating (Skin Resistance)
Neurol Sci, 2004
Psychol Reports, 1997
J Alt Comp Med, 1996
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 1994
APPLICATIONS
Anxiety
 Insomnia

Alternate nostril breathing
(Anulom-Vilom pranayama)
appears to increase balance
ANULOM-VILOM
PRANAYAMA –
most useful, scientifically proven
Persons with hypertension doing a task
Medical Science Monitor, 2013
BALANCING THE LEFT AND RIGHT
HALVES OF THE BRAIN
Hence in many cases the
descriptions in the ancient texts
can be correlated with present
day research
QUESTIONS
1. Are the effects seen in the laboratory the same as
those described in ancient texts?
2. What are the effects of a particular practice?
3. Once we know the effects how can we apply it?
• In daily life – at work, at school
• In rehabilitation
• In health
MEDITATION techniques studied
•
•
•
•
•
Transcendental Meditation
Brahmakumaris Raja Yoga
Meditation on OM
Vipassana meditation
Single thought state
Hence meditation is…
• A state of alertful rest
• Sensory perception is enhanced and more
accurate
• Physiological arousal is decreased
EFFECT OF MEDITATION
ON SLEEP?
WHOLE NIGHT
POLYSOMNOGRAPHY
TYPES OF SLEEP
Hence Meditation:
1. Improves Slow Wave
Sleep
2. Decreases REM/ Dream
sleep
3. Reduces arousal during
REM/ Dream sleep
•Medical Science Monitor, 2009
•Applied Psychophysiology & Biofeedback, 2009
QUESTIONS
1. Are the effects seen in the laboratory the same as
those described in ancient texts?
2. What are the effects of a particular practice?
3. Once we know the effects how can we apply it?
• In daily life – at work, at school
• In rehabilitation
• In health
AFTER WORKING OUT THE
EFFECTS,
APPLICATIONS OF
PRACTICE
• Daily life
• Rehabilitation
• Therapy
DAILY LIFE
• SCHOOL CHILDREN
• ADULT OFFICE WORKERS
EFFECT OF YOGA
PRACTICE IN SCHOOL
CHILDREN: a randomized
controlled trial
Doon School, Haridwar,
India
Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry and Mental
Health, 2013
SCHOOL CHILDREN:
EFFECT OF YOGA AND PHYSICAL EXERCISE
Yoga
Physical Exercise
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES?
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 2013
MEASURE OF EMOTIONAL STABILITY
Self Esteem Inventory
Changes in General SE of S.E.I. Before and
GENERAL
After three months Yoga and Physical
SELF-ESTEEM
exercise
20
16
12
8
4
0
11
10
9
8
BEFORE 7
6
AFTER 54
3
2
1
0
***
YOGA
YO
YY
P.E.
P.E.
YO
YO
Changes
in Parental SE of S.E.I. Before and
PARENTAL
After three months Yoga and Physical
exercise
SELF-ESTEEM
*
BEFORE
AFTER
YOGA
YY
P.E.
P.E.
PROFESSIONAL
COMPUTER USERS
Professional computer users showed:
• Decreased stress related to using a
computer
• Decreased somatization of stress
• Decreased visual and musculoskeletal
discomfort
Work, 2009
Medical Science Monitor, 2006
Journal of Modern Optics, 2006
Head and Face Medicine, 2006
REHABILITATION
Categories of people who
received yoga as an intervention
• Children with muscular dystrophy
• Children with congenitally impaired
vision
• Adolescent girls in a state remand
home
• A geriatric population
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
DUCHENNE MUSCULAR
DYSTROPHY: AN 18 MONTH
FOLLOW-UP STUDY: YOGA AND
AYURVEDA
Indian Journal of Palliative Care, 2011
CHILDREN WITH
IMPAIRED VISION
CHILDREN WITH
IMPAIRED VISION
Children with impaired vision:
Yoga vs. Gardening
(3 weeks follow-up)
•
•
fear
Improves existing abilities
(e.g., hearing)
International Journal of Rehabilitation and Health, 1999.
International Journal of Neuroscience, 1997, 1998.
Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1998.
ADOLESCENT GIRLS
IN A REMAND HOME
ADOLESCENT GIRLS
IN A REMAND HOME
…..Have you thought
why kids become like
this?
Adolescents in a remand home:
effects of 6 months of yoga
practice
1. Improves behavior with supervisors, peers
2. Performance in various skilled activities
(possible use in vocational training)
3. Reduces psychophysiological arousal
Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1997.
Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 1997.
YOGA FOR A GERIATRIC
POPULATION
o
Setting: A residential home for the aged, Bangalore,
India
Total number of residents: 120
Number of residents screened: 90
Number of residents selected: 69
YOGA
IN
PROGRESS
The Aged Improve :
effect of yoga over 6 months
•
•
•
•
•
WHICH PRACTICE
WAS MOST USEFUL?
Quality of sleep
Mental state
Gait & balance
Memory (working memory; associate learning) and
Lung functions
Indian Journal of Medical Research, 2005;
Journal of Indian Psychology, 2006;
Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 2007;
Medical Science Monitor, 2008
YOGA AND
POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS
DISORDER
After the Boxing Day Tsunami
(December 26, 2004)
A study one month later…..
AN ARCHIPELAGO IN THE
BAY OF BENGAL –
THE ANDAMAN ISLANDS
FLOODS IN BIHAR (EAST COAST)
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 2008; Indian J Med Sci 2009;
BMC Psychiatry, 2010
YOGA AS A THERAPY
•Promotion of positive health
•Prevention of disease
•Yoga as a therapy
PREVENTION IN PRE-MORBID
CONDITIONS:
OBESITY
VISCERAL FAT
SUBCUTANEOUS
FAT
VISCERAL FAT
YOGA HELPS IN
CENTRAL OBESITY
Medical Science Monitor, 2011
OBESITY :
a single group study
• BMI ↓
• Body water ↓
• Waist Circumference (cm) ↓
• Hip Circumference (cm) ↓
• Right & Left hand grip strength
(Kg) ↑
Medical Science Monitor, 2010
LEPTIN
Leptin is an appetite suppressant
Leptin was discovered in 1994 by Jeffrey M. Friedman and
colleagues at the Rockefeller University
A recent randomized control trial - Changes in
Leptin after fifteen days of yoga and metabolically
matched walking
Level of Leptin before and after fifteen days of yoga and walking
program
12
Values are in ng/ml
**
10
Before
8
After
6
4
Yoga
YOGA
Medical Science Monitor, 2014
Walking
WALKING
YOGA HELPS TO
SUSTAIN WEIGHT LOSS
BY HELPING US MAKE
HEALTHY FOOD CHOICES
IMPORTANCE OF ADDING
YOGA THEORY TO PRACTICE
55
State anxiety after yoga practice session
Importance of
both
PRACTICE
and THEORY
45
†‡
Mean
35
25
Psychological
Reports, 2009; 109(3): 924-30
15
5
Pre
Post
60
State
anxiety after yoga theory session
Psychological
Reports,
2009
Mean
50
*
40
30
20
10
Pre
Post
THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF
YOGA: SPECIFIC EXAMPLES
 Bronchial asthma
 Cancer
 Coronary heart disease
 Depression
 Diabetes mellitus – type 2
 Epilepsy
 Hypertension
 Obesity (as a pre-morbid condition)
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 Schizophrenia
 Tuberculosis
Therapeutic Applications of Yoga


Bronchial Asthma: Singapore Med J. 1993; 34: 306-308; Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1996; 40:
318- 324; J Asthma. 1987; 24: 183-186; Br Med J. 1985; 19: 1077-1079.
Cancer: Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2007; 16: 462-474; Med Sci Monit. 2008 14: 3-4; Integr
Cancer Ther. 2009; 8: 37-46.

Coronary heart disease: J Assoc Physicians India. 1979; 27: 939- 942.

Hypertension: Angiology.1969; 20: 325-333.

NIDDM: J Assoc Physicians India. 2007; 55: 121-126.

Rheumatoid arthritis: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2001; 45: 355-360.

Depression: J Affect Disord. 2000; 57: 255-259.

Schizophrenia: J Affect Disord. 2006; 94: 249-253.

Epilepsy: Epilepsy Behav. 2008; 12(2): 245-252.

Tuberculosis. Respirology. 2004; 9: 96-101.
BEYOND THE
PHYSICAL………………..
Yoga calms the mind (perhaps by
increasing the inner resources
through prayer and spiritual
practices – bhakti yoga) and then
the body is in a state of balance or
homeostasis
1. Medical Science Monitor, 2010
2. Psychological Reports, 2010