French, Dutch & English Re-settlement

Challenge to Spain’s Empire Building

Key Words

• Reformation • French & Haudenosaunee • Dutch West India Co. & William Kieft • The Lost Colony • Jamestown & Pamunkey Tribe • Starving Time • Opechancanough & the “Just War” • Pilgrims at Patuxet & Wampanoags • Puritans & Pequots • Puritan Covenant • Pequot War • Reservations • King Phillip/Metacom’s War

Western Europe

• 1337-1453 England & France –One Hundred Years War • 1347-1351 –The Black Death – Bubonic Plague • 1/3 of Europe’s population

European Society

• Rigid Hierarchy –Monarchs –Aristocrats –Gentry –Peasants and laborers • Large Disparity of wealth = class struggle • Abuse of power by the Church

Power of the Church

• 1100 – 1500 – papacy grew in wealth and power • Tithing – Collected taxes from church members • Collected fees for those appointed to church positions • 13 th Century – Indulgences • Shortened time in purgatory purging sins

Protestant Reformation

• Martin Luther 1517 – Addresses power and corruption of the church • Indifferent to popular religious concern • Secular political involvement • Flaunted wealth & neglected people –

95 Thesis

• Sale of indulgences to finance St. Peters in Rome –Translated Bible into German –Direct Relationship with God

•

95 Thesis

•Challenged power, wealth and Authority of the church •Challenged by emerging commercial class

John Calvin

• Protestant idea of

Pre-destination

– Elect few are predestined by God for eternal Salvation in heaven • Proved you were the elect by serving society through “good works” – Discipline – Control

English Reformation

• King Henry VIII of England divorced & married mistress Ann Boelyn – remained catholic – 1534 Parliaments Act of Supremacy formalized his decree of head of the Church of England displacing the Pope • 1558 Boelyn’s daughter, Elizabeth became Queen – Defender of Protestantism • 16 th c Europe marked by religious dissent and persecution

English in America

• 1562 Queen Elizabeth assisted French Calvinists and other protestant movements in Europe • 1570 - 1580s Sought to challenge Spain’s Empire building in America – Motive for Land upper class sons of England • Following repression of Irish – Walter Raleigh – Roanoke Venture

French in America

• Exploration & early European Cartography 1534 – 1710 • The Maritimes and the Saint Lawrence River Valley – Coast of Labrador, Montreal (1642), Cape Breton Island (1716) • The Great Lakes & Upper Mississippi Valley – Ft. Frontenac (1673), Michilimackinac & de Chambly along Lake Ontario, Detroit, Michigan; Kaskasia, Illinois • The Caribbean and the Lower Mississippi Valley – Port-au-prince (treaty of Ryswick 1697 split with Spain), New Orleans, Mobile, Ft Rosalie des Natchez

"The Natives of Florida worship the column," from Theodor de Bry, America (13 vols., Frankfurt, 1590-1634).

• Jean Ribaut of

The Newberry Library.

Dieppe – 1562 • Landed in Florida – Unsuccessful colony at Charlesfort – Chief Athore Of Florida Indians

• King Henri IV In 1603 sent Samuel de Champlain on an expedition to the Saint Lawrence River valley • Established Quebec in 1608

Great Lakes

Louis-Joseph Franquet, Manuscript plan of the fort at Sault-Saint Louis or Caughnawaga (near Montréal), 1752. The Newberry Library

• The "village des Sauvages Iroquois" lies outside the fort, – There are about 75 large longhouses, and a number of smaller ones; – This distinctive mission was by the middle of the eighteenth century only one among others established in different tribal areas.

French Re-settlement

• Relations with Iroquois Confederacy: – Haudenosaunee or “People of the Longhouse” • NE U.S., S. Canada, (New England) Upstate N.Y., Penn, Ontario, Quebec • Onondaga, Seneca, Mohawk, Cayuga, Oneida – Nation-to-nation basis – Friendship, cooperation, alliances, marriage and absorption

Detail from Orange Risdon,

Map of the Surveyed Part of the Territory of Michigan

(Albany, 1825). The Newberry Library.

• Detroit, 1701 • Trading post for furs • Barrier against English expansion

Detroit

• 1701 - 1740s – Trading post & mission – In the 1740s the fur-trade began to be siphoned off by English settlers from Pennsylvania • French Crown resolved to strengthen Detroit as a barrier against westward English expansion, – Established as an agricultural settlement.

Immigration

• Settlers increased1749 and 1755 • 1760 Fall of French Canada • 2,500

habitants

and

métis

. – Metis – Practice and policy of intermarriage

Lower Miss. Valley; New Orleans

Anonymous manuscript plan of Fort Condé at Mobile, c. 1720. Cartes Marines, The Newberry Library

• 1702, Mobile • 1711-1720 the capital of French Louisiana • Center of Indian Trade until the Treaty of Paris in 1763

Jean François Benjamin Dumont de Montigny, "Carte de Fort Rosalie des Natchez," 1747. The Newberry Library • 1716 re settlement – 1,000 farmers – Tobacco, wheat

Fort Rosalie, 1716

• Farmers fled after a great uprising by the Natchez Indians in 1729. • 200 miles north of New Orleans

New Orleans, 1718

• Chitimacha Territory – Confederacy of Chawasha, Chitimacha, Washa and Yagenachito • La Nouvelle-Orléans founded May 7, 1718, by the French Mississippi Company, – direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville • Capital of French after 1720 • ceded to the Spanish Empire in the Treaty of Paris 1763 • 1801, it reverted to French control.

Dutch & Swedish

• Henry Hudson – 1609 – Claimed New York, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Virginia for Netherlands – Established Dutch West Indian Co.

• Mohicans & Pequots key to expansion and fur trade • Friendly relations until no longer useful – General William Kieft 1639 • Advocated extermination of Indigenous • Killed off Many Lenape, Mohicans, Esophus & others

English Re-settlement

• Sir Walter Raleigh – 1584-1587 – Roanoake Island (The Lost Colony) • Royal Charter to Virginia Co. 1606 – Jamestown & Pamunkey Tribe • Pilgrims – 1620 – Plymouth (Patuxet) & Wampanoags • Puritans – 1630 – Massachusetts Bay & Pequots

Roanoke

• 1 st attempt at settlement • 1578 Patent by Queen Elizabeth – charter to discover and colonize "remote heathen and barbarous lands" not actually possessed by any Christian prince – Sir Humphry Gilbert, Sir Walter Raleigh • Roanoke Tribe ruled by Werowance (Leader)Wingina – 102 settlers, alienated the Roanoake through violence, killed Wingina and others and left the colony

Roanoke II

• 1587 arrived again with 119 new colonists.

– Because of immediate skirmishes with Roanoke’s they left • 1588 returned and left colonists there • 1590 upon return Governor White found am empty fort, cottages and clearing – CROATOAN carved on a post – Name of a nearby Island of Cape Hatteras

Chief Powhatan’s Confederacy

• 1607 – Chief Powhatan of the Pamunkey – 30 tribes – 200 towns & villages – Agriculture, seafood, hunted & gathered

Jamestown, Virginia

• 1606 Virginia Company of London • 1607 104 men/boys – Motive : land & wealth – Preconceived notions of Savage – impediment to progress – Starving Time – 1607 • ½ settlers dead • Saved by charity of Powhatan

English Response

• John Smith – 1608 – “Indian Problem” – Military solution • Powhatan – Stopped gifts of food

Colonists

• Malaria, dysentery, typhoid, yellow fever • “Gentlemen” did not work • Craft workers & servants did not know agriculture • Bullied Pamunkey for food • survived 2 nd “Starving Time” – Relief ship 1610 saved colony – 60 of 500 colonists survived 1609 – 1610

Pocahantas “My Favorite Daughter”

• 1612 kidnapped Matoaka – Powhatans 17 yr eldest daughter (1597 – 1617) – Married John Rolf – mediator until death

Diplomacy

• Marriage union – Cement ties between the two nations – Cement Pamunkey claim to English weapons – Cement alliance • Concerned with opposing indigenous nations to the west

Martial law

• 1611 laws imposed on colonists to ensure profit – Worked settlers in gangs – Severely punished the lazy and disorderly • Colony failed to profit • 1617 – Conflict with Pamunkey continued to escalate – Tobacco plantations encroached on more lands

Head right system

• Attracted colonists and capital – First colonists received 100 acres of land – New settlers received 50 acres of land – Anyone who paid passage for others received 50 acres “per head” • Abolished marital law – House of Burgesses: governor & advisory council • Authority to make laws for the colony

Immigration

• 1620s first wave of massive English migration – 130,000 – 150,000 immigrants (17 th C) – Working class men 6:1 woman – Ages 15 – 24 lacking skills and wealth • ¾ immigrants indentured servants – Lured by promise of land and quick riches – 40% did not survive their indenture

Resistance Effort

• Opechancanough – Powhatan’s brother and head of the Indian Confederation in 1618 • Resisted expansion and Exploitation • 1622 - 1/3 of colonists killed – John Smith • “It will be good for the plantation because now we have just cause to destroy them by all means possible”

1622

Scorched Earth Campaign

• 1622 – “A Just War” – Enslaved – Take land – Poisoned 200 at a “peace conference” – War of extermination

•

Genocide & Removal

• “Peace” – Established boundaries – Indian scouts for Virginia Militia – Annual tribute of furs • 1644 another resistance effort would be launched by Opechancanough • 1715 forced removal of remaining tribes – Virginia lost 75% of native population

Virginia Company

• Investigation by James I and stock holders – Verge of bankruptcy – 3,000 immigrants died – Brutal conditions • King James I dissolved the company in 1624 • Virginia governed as a royal colony

Scarcity of Women

• In Chesapeake & other areas people took a pragmatic approach to including upper class women into different roles (initially) – Power of attorney – Ran businesses – Participated in legal proceedings – Nurses – Apothecaries – Physicians and midwives – Taverns, boarding houses & inns – Blacksmiths, silversmiths, wheel wright, sail maker – Tailors, teachers, printers, publishers, shop keepers

Sexual Disparity of Southern Colonies

• First century 1600-1700 • Colonies attracted women: – Offer of land ownership (rare) • Mary & Margaret Brent, Maryland 1630s, each held large feudal estates – Former prostitutes, thieves & vagrants of England offered option of re-settlement over long prison term or the noose – Indentured servitude – Marriage assured on the frontier • “good women” auctioned for 80 lbs of tobacco – 1620-1622: 150 “pure & spotless” women – Daughters of artisans, tradesmen & gentry from London

Chesapeake Marriage Manuals

• Loose unions a source of concern – •South during colonial period witnessed proliferation of marriage manuals – –emphasizing importance of marriage • –defining duties of husbands and wives – •husband's role: – –to guide – –to defend • –to provide for wife and family – •wife's role was to – –“serve in subjection to her husband's will” – –“to be modest in speech and dress” – –“to be a frugal and good housewife”

First Colonies

• Differentiate between Northern Colonies – Massachusetts Bay colonies Pennsylvania, Maine, etc. – Immigrated in Families – (Puritan) • Southern Colonies – Chesapeake Bay (Virginia Company) societies – Single (wealthy) males – Indentured (poor) females and males – Slaves – Settlement companies; business concerns; emulation of English feudal system – "common law doctrine of coverture“

Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony

• Separatists & a minority within the Puritan Movement – Believed Church of England was too corrupt for reform • 88 Craft workers, farmers settled in present day Southeastern Massachusetts – Led by William Bradford

 1620 – Plymouth, Massachusetts  Mayflower compact  Viewed people of Pamet & Nauset – Satan’s children

Pilgrims

Mayflower Compact

 Established a governor and several advisors – Elected annually by all adult males • English law – No clear basis for land or government claims – No royal charter – No approval by the crown

Massosoit’s Treaty with the Pilgrims Massasoit was born in the village of Pokanoket near present-day Bristol, Rhode Island, around 1590. Massasoit signed a peace treaty with the Pilgrims on March 22,1621. His friendship with the settlers helped keep the Wampanoags neutral in the Pequot War of 1636.

Indian relations

• Massasoit “Big Chief” – Introduced fur trade • Major source of capital – Samoset • Abenaki from Pemaquid tribe in Maine visited • learned English • Samoset introduced them to the fur trade – Tisquantum (Squanto) • Patuxet Wampanoag (today’s Mass.) – Assisted Pilgrims through “starving time” –1621 – “Thanksgiving”

Puritans of Massachusetts Bay

• Presbyterian and Congregationalist – Believed Church of England capable of reform • 1629 Charles I began persecution of Puritans leading to migration – Merchants, landed gentlemen, lawyers – Organized the Massachusetts Bay Company 1629 • Edward Johnson referred to themselves as “Soldiers of Jesus Christ” – Martial spirit of crusade – Military character of the migration

Royal Charter

• Charter confirmed title to most of present day Massachusetts and new Hampshire – 1629 established Salem North of Plymouth – 1630 Company’s first Governor, John Winthrop & 12 stockholders set sail from England – Government: General Court of the Colony – Chief Executive: Winthrop – landed lawyer – Governor’s assistants: Stockholders – Annual elections by freemen or all adult male church members

1634, Government

• Freemen stopped meeting and each town elected representatives or deputies to the General court – Passed all laws – Levied taxes – Established courts – Made war – Made peace

Puritans of Massachusetts Bay

• Never endured a “Starving time” – By 1640 25,000 puritans out numbered Indians in the region • Puritan Covenant & “City Upon the Hill” – The chosen elect, outsider – insider mentality – God’s chosen, right to land = extermination John Winthrop

“Pequot War” 1637

• “Impediment to Puritan Progress” – Pequots resisted encroachment & killings

•

Removal & Reservations

• 1638 – Reservation Campaign – 14 plantations, 1200 acres among Quinnipiac Tribe, New Haven, CT.

– Prohibited tribal government & religion • Foreshadowed 19 th century reservation system of United States established by the Office of Indian Affairs

New Government, 1644

• Refashioned the company charter into a civil constitution – Deputies formed into the Lower house of the Bay Colony Legislature – Assistants formed the upper house of the legislature

New England

• Colonists religious fundamentalists – God fearing • looked to the bible for authority and inspiration – Read bible daily • memorized its passages and stories – Non-democratic • not a part of puritan political thought – Church & State unified • bible and clergy for guidance

New England

• Re-settled in family units • Sex ratio balanced quickly • Pressure for all to marry • Patriarchy – a model for church and state • Domestic, political & religious – Men head of family – Controlled all members – Wielded authority – Supervised finances – Made family decisions – Conduit of god’s blessings

Religion

• Emphasized Original Sin – Women were of inferior intellect, morals • Justified women’s subordination, ensured their submission – Preached salvation of the few • Majority of mankind damned to hell • Women’s duty and responsibility to be subservient to men – Calvinists especially blamed eve for setting the devil loose upon the world – Women more susceptible to the devil » Morally suspect » depended on man to protect her interests, ensure her submission and see that she did as little damage as possible.

Domesticall Duties

, 1620s

• Manual for women – Role in church and home limited – She was “not to teach, nor hold authority over a man, but to be in silence.

Puritans and Women’s Souls

• Puritans and Women’s Souls – Patriarchal authority through the church (St. Paul’s edict: “Let the women keep silent in the churches.” - 1 Corinthians 14:34) • Puritan belief: "the soul consists of two portions, inferior and superior; the superior is masculine and eternal; the feminine inferior and mortal."

Status of Women

• Inferior status in society institutionalized on every level – Divinely ordained – Bolstered by law – Upheld by the church – Sanctioned by custom

English Common Law

•

Femme coverture

– Covered by their husbands legally – Assume his identity – Economically subordinate, exploited and dependent – Women lost everything in separation including children – All property, dowry, inheritance, even her clothing belonged to the husband legally – Could not buy or sell anything without husbands permission – Could not make contracts – Could not sue in court

Legal statutes & practices

• Devised to keep family physically intact – Social control and order, not for protection of individuals or families • Mass. Body of Liberties 1641 prohibited wife beating “unless it be in his own defense upon her assault” • New England – Divorce with possibility of re-marriage – Women with no legal rights – impossible to prove • Desertion • Bigamy • Failure to provide • Adultery

Divorce

• Divorce virtually impossible in England until the 1857 Reform Law • Southern colonies kept the English practices • Puritans and Quakers saw divorce as necessary to public harmony – Marriage contract could be broken by men or women with given cause

Silence of women

• Women brought up on charges of scolding, slandering cursing as a threat to the stability of the home and community – Slander – political tool of women – Courts took effort to check verbal aggression • Girls education – Obedience, habit of silence, industry, piety, House wifery Duty to break the will and eradicate women’s aggression

Maryland, 1634

•

Proprietary Colony

– Established by aristocratic Catholic Calvert Family • Authority over 10 million acres, establish a civil government & administer justice • Granted estates or

“Manors”

to friends • Divided some holdings into farms for immigrants or

“Tenants”

& collected

“quitrents”

or fees for used of land

Colonial Alternatives

• Society of Friends established communities in Pennsylvania & New Jersey 1650s • The Quaker Common Wealth, Pennsylvania

Quaker Common Wealth

• Pennsylvania – founded by William Penn – Recruited new colonists – Favorable foreign policy with First nations – Low conflict colony – Religious tolerance • Quakers • Minnonites • Amish • Moravians • Baptists

Society of Friends

• Doctrine of Individual Spiritual Inspiration and interpretation : “inner light” – Discarded formal sacraments – Rejected formal ministry – Refused difference to persons of rank – Embraced simple living and pacifism – Tolerance extended to complete religious freedom for everyone – Equality of the sexes – Full participation of women in religious affairs – Played a major role in government

Spanish Colonial Women

• Spanish law, partially derived from Moorish (Islamic) law • Women had full legal personhood as father’s co heirs (economic and political) • Women had equal rights to their offspring – Look at Spanish naming traditions: – Ana Castillo Benitez (single) • Ana Castillo Benitez de Leon (married to Francisco Leon) • Jose Leon Castillo (her child)