Transcript An Introduction to Biology

SOL Addressed: Bio 1a-m, 3a
An Introduction to Biology
Ranny Copenhaver
SOL Addressed: Bio 1a-m, 3a
Biology is the study of life!
• Studying biology and learning its
terminology is very much like learning a
foreign language.
• However, we can often look at the terms
themselves and pick up clues as to their
meanings: for example: biology
– Bio means life or living
– ology means “the study of”
• Look on page R18 of your Holt McDougal
Biology text.
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• Another example: cytology
– Cyto means cell
– ology means “the study of”
– Cytology is the study of cells.
• Still another example: zoology
– Zoo has to do with animals
– ology means (what ???)
That’s right “the study of”
Zoology is the study of animals.
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Tools of Biology
• The primary tool that we use in biology is
the microscope (“micro” means small and
to “scope” is to look at something). We
use a microscope to view tiny objects that
are invisible or almost invisible to the
unaided human eye.
• There are basically two types of
microscopes:
– The compound light microscope
– The scanning electron microscope
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Differences in Electron and Compound Light Microscopes
Electron
Very expensive
Compound Light
Relatively inexpensive
Magnifies millions of times
Usually magnifies up to
about 450 times
Image formed by electrons Image formed by light
scanning across object
passing through object.
Usually found in research
facilities and universities. Found in high schools and
small colleges.
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Characteristics of Living Organisms
• Metabolism: All of the chemical processes that
go on in an organism.
–
–
–
–
–
Ingestion
Digestion
Assimilation
Respiration
Excretion
• Growth and Development: Growth is an
•
•
•
increase in size, development is change.
Adaptation: Change for an organism to
better survive in a certain environment.
Reproduction: sexual or asexual
Response: How an organism reacts to a
stimulus (reaction is called irritability).
Adaptation in
Pepper Moths
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Levels of Organization
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ system
Organism
skin
cheek
muscle
bone
heart
lung
hand
circulatory
digestive
skeletal
human
dog
rose
Organisms that are made up of only one cell are called
unicellular organisms.
• Organisms that are made up of more than one cell are
called multicellular organisms.
•
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Needs of Living Things
Energy
Water and Food
Air
Living Space
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The Scientific Method
• Identify and State the Problem
• Gather Information
• Form a Hypothesis
• Experiment (Procedure)
• Observe and Record Results (data)
• State a Conclusion
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Examine the differences between
q
u
a
qualitative and quantitative data.
i
u
t
m
y
b
e
r
s
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Examine the differences between
qualitative and quantitative data.
Qualitative Data
Quantitative Data
Overview:
Overview:
Deals with descriptions.
Data can be observed but not
measured.
Colors, textures, smells, tastes,
appearance, beauty, etc.
Qualitative → Quality
Deals with numbers.
Data which can be measured.
Length, height, area, volume,
weight, speed, time,
temperature, humidity, sound
levels, cost, members, ages, etc.
Quantitative → Quantity
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Example 1: Acrylic
Painting
Qualitative data:
blue/green color, gold frame
smells old and musty texture
shows brush strokes of oil
paint peaceful scene of the
country masterful brush
strokes
Example 1: Acrylic
Painting
Quantitative data:
picture is 16" by 20"
with frame 18" by 22"
weighs 8.5 pounds
surface area of painting is
320 sq. in.
cost $300
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Example 2: Latte
Example 2: Latte
Qualitative data:
robust aroma
frothy appearance
strong taste
burgundy cup
Quantitative data:
12 ounces of latte
serving temperature
150º F.
serving cup 7 inches in
height
cost $4.95
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Example 3: Freshman
Example 3: Freshman
Qualitative data:
Quantitative data:
friendly demeanors
civic minded
environmentalists
positive school spirit
672 students
394 girls, 278 boys
68% on honor roll
150 students
accelerated in
mathematics
Class
Class
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Important Biologists
Dutch textile merchant, natural
scientist and microscopist, born
October 24, 1632; died August
26, 1723. Leeuwenhoek
succeeded in making some of
the most important discoveries
in the history of biology. He
was the first to observe
bacteria and protozoa. His
research on lower animals
refuted the doctrine of
spontaneous generation, and
his observations helped lay the
foundations for the sciences of
bacteriology and protozoology.
Anton van
Leeuwenhoek
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek (Continued)
At that time, developing the idea of the glasses
used by drapers to inspect the quality of cloth,
he constructed his first simple microscope or
magnifying glasses, consisting of a minute lens,
ground by hand from a globule of glass,
clamped between two small perforated metal
plates. He is called the Father of the
Microscope.
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Robert Hooke
Hooke was perhaps the single
greatest experimental scientist of
the seventeenth century. Relatively
little is known about Robert
Hooke's life. He was born on July
18, 1635, at Freshwater, on the
Isle of Wight, the son of a
churchman. He was apparently
largely educated at home by his
father, although he also served an
apprenticeship to an artist. He was
able to enter Westminster School
at the age of thirteen, and from
there went to Oxford, where some
of the best scientists in England
were working at the time.
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Robert Hooke (continued)
His interests knew no bounds, ranging from
physics and astronomy, to chemistry, biology,
and geology, to architecture and naval
technology. Among other accomplishments, he
invented the universal joint, the iris diaphragm,
and an early prototype of the respirator;
invented the anchor escapement and the
balance spring, which made more accurate
clocks possible; served as Chief Surveyor and
helped rebuild London after the Great Fire of
1666.
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Robert Hooke (continued)
He worked out the correct theory of combustion;
devised an equation describing elasticity that is
still used today ("Hooke's Law") and assisted
Robert Boyle in studying the physics of gases.
He invented or improved meteorological
instruments such as the barometer,
anemometer, and hygrometer. He was the type
of scientist that was then called a virtuoso -able to contribute findings of major importance
in any field of science. It is not surprising that
he made important contributions to biology and
to paleontology.
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Robert Hooke (continued)
• Hooke devised the compound microscope,
one of the best such microscopes of his
time, and used it in his demonstrations at
the Royal Society's meetings. Hooke
discovered plant cells -- more precisely,
what Hooke saw were the cell walls in
cork tissue. In fact, it was Hooke who
coined the term "cells“: the boxlike cells of
cork reminded him of the cells of a
monastery.
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Louis Pasteur
If one were to choose among the greatest
benefactors of humanity, Louis Pasteur would
certainly rank at the top. Louis Pasteur was
born on December 27, 1822 in France. His
discovery that most infectious diseases are
caused by germs, known as the "germ theory of
disease," is one of the most important in medical
history.
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Louis Pasteur (continued)
His work became the foundation for the
science of microbiology, and a cornerstone
of modern medicine.
He solved the mysteries of rabies,
anthrax, chicken cholera, and silkworm
diseases, and contributed to the
development of the first vaccines.
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Louis Pasteur (continued)
He described the scientific basis for
fermentation, wine-making, and the brewing of
beer. Pasteur's work gave birth to many
branches of science, and he was singlehandedly
responsible for some of the most important
theoretical concepts and practical applications of
modern science. For right now, though, it is
important that we remember that Pasteur
disproved Abiogenesis or Spontaneous
Generation.
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Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809
in Shrewsbury, England. Darwin was a British
naturalist who became famous for his theories of
evolution and natural selection. Darwin first
studied medicine at Edinburgh. It soon became
clear that he was not cut out for a medical
career; he was transferred to Cambridge, to
train for the ministry. While at Cambridge,
Darwin befriended a biology professor (John
Henslow) and his interest in zoology and
geography grew.
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Charles Darwin (continued)
He secured an invitation to sail aboard the
H.M.S.Beagle, which was being outfitted for an
extended voyage to the south seas. From 1831 to
1836, Darwin served as naturalist on the British
science expedition around the world. In South America
Darwin found fossils of extinct animals that were
similar to modern species. On the Galapagos Islands
in the Pacific Ocean he noticed many variations
among plants and animals of the same general type
as those in South America. The expedition visited
places around the world, and Darwin studied plants
and animals everywhere he went, collecting
specimens for further study.
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Charles Darwin (continued)
Upon his return to London, Darwin conducted
thorough research of his notes and specimens.
Out of this study arose Darwin’s book, On the
Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
and his theory of Evolution. Evolution means
that things change over a period of time.
However, Darwin's work had a tremendous
impact on religious thought. Many people
strongly opposed the idea of evolution because
it conflicted with their religious convictions.
Charles Darwin is known as the Father of
Evolution.
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Gregor Mendel
Gregor Mendel was an Augustinian monk who
taught natural science to high school students.
He was born the second child of Anton and
Rosine Mendel, farmers in Brunn, Moravia in
1822. Mendel's brilliant performance at school
as a child encouraged his family to support his
pursuit of a higher education, but their
resources were limited, so Mendel entered the
monastery, continuing his education and starting
his teaching career.
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Gregor Mendel (continued)
Mendel enjoyed research. This was based on his
love of nature. He was not only interested in
plants, but also in meteorology and theories of
evolution. Mendel often wondered how plants
obtained atypical characteristics. Mendel's
research reflected his personality. Once he
crossed peas and mice of different varieties "for
the fun of the thing," as he put it. He found
that the traits were inherited in certain
numerical ratios. Mendel concentrated on pea
plants and developed his laws of genetics. He is
known as the Father of Genetics.
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Thomas Hunt Morgan
: Thomas Hunt Morgan was born on
September 25, 1866, at Lexington, Kentucky. As
a child he had shown an immense
interest in natural history and even
at the age of ten, he collected birds,
birds' eggs, and fossils. In 1888,
the year after his graduation, he became
engaged in research for the United States Fish
Commission at Woods Hole.
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Thomas Hunt Morgan (continued)
In 1909 he began his work on Drosophila
melanogaster with which his name will always
be associated. Morgan was looking for less
expensive material that could be bred in the
very limited space at his command. Shortly after
he commenced work with this new material, a
number of striking mutants turned up. His
subsequent studies enabled him to determine
the precise behavior and exact localization of
genes. He also said that sudden gene changes
(mutations) could cause changes in organism.
Morgan is known for his genetic work with
Drosophila melanogaster showing that specific
characteristics passed from generation to
generation and mutations.
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Watson and Crick
On Feb. 28, 1953, Francis Crick walked
into the Eagle pub in Cambridge, England,
and, as James Watson later recalled,
announced that "we
had found the secret
of life." Actually, they
had. That morning,
Watson and Crick had figured out the
structure of deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA.
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Watson & Crick (continued)
That structure — a "double helix" that can
"unzip" to make copies of itself — confirmed
suspicions that DNA carries life's hereditary
information.
James Watson and Frances Crick discovered
the shape of the DNA molecule (a double
helix).
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Schleiden and Schwann
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
worked with cells. While they were at a
dinner party, they discovered that they
were each researching cells- Schwann was
studying animal cells and Schleiden was
studying plant cells. They decided to work
together and combine their research.
They combined to construct the Cell
Theory.
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The Cell Theory
1. All known living things are made up of cells.
2. The cell is the structural & functional unit of all
living things.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells by division.
(Spontaneous Generation does not
occur).
4. Cells contains hereditary information which is
passed from cell to cell during cell division.
5. All cells are basically the same in chemical
composition.
6. All energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of
life occurs within cells.
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Maurice Wilkins
• Maurice Wilkins was a British biophysicist best known for
his contributions to the discovery of the structure of
DNA. X-ray diffraction pictures done by Wilkins and his
assistant/co-worker Rosalind Franklin on the aligned
fibers within DNA were seen by James Watson and
Francis Crick who, incorporating what it revealed, were
then able to build an accurate, detailed model of the
DNA molecule. Wilkins, Watson, and Crick were jointly
awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in
1962.
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• Wilkins and others in the research group were brought
on board the Manhattan Project and moved all the way
to Berkeley, California where they continued their
research. After the horrifying success of the project,
which resulted in the nuclear bombs dropped on
Nagasaki and Hiroshima, Wilkins developed a very
negative attitude toward nuclear weapons and resolved
to go into "another branch of science, one with more
positive applications." He returned to Britain, becoming a
lecturer in Physics at St. Andrew's University in Scotland
where he worked in biophysics, seeking to utilize X-ray
crystallography in biological research. It was here, in
1950, that Wilkins and Raymond Gosling took the first
ever images of the DNA molecule. Two years later, with
Rosalind Franklin on the team, the famous image was
produced. Watson and Crick published their resultant
work in 1953.
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Rosalind Franklin
Born in England in 1920 and
died in 1958. She was a
chemist, physicist, and
crystallologist. She was able
to use x-rays to photograph the DNA molecule. Her data
was used by Watson and Crick without her knowledge.
Finally, decades later, she received the credit that was
due her. Her x-ray research helped lead to the discovery
of the DNA molecule shape.
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Biogenesis and Abiogenesis
• Abiogenesis: (a- means not or without, bio
means “life”, genesis means “origin or
beginning”). Abiogenesis is also called
Spontaneous Generation. It means that
life can spring from nothing- no parents
needed. WRONG!!!
• Biogenesis: Life comes from life. Can be
one parent or two.
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Some Scientists Who Investigated Abiogenesis and
Biogenesis
Supported Biogenesis:
Francesco Redi
Lazzaro Spallanzani
Louis Pasteur- Disproved Abiogenesis
Supported Abiogenesis:
John Needham