Transcript General aspects of aquaculture

Aquaculture in the 21st century
Patrick Sorgeloos
Laboratory for Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center
Presentation for his Excellency President Museveni, Kampala August 29, 2009
Overview of presentation
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Importance of fish & shellfish in human nutrition
Fisheries (= hunting) aquaculture (= farming)
History: from “food” aquaculture to “business” aquaculture
Critical bottleneck in aquaculture: seed availability
Need for domestication including difficult larviculture
Farming systems: cages, ponds, tanks; extensive, intensive
Production statistics
Challenges for future aquaculture
Case study Uganda: opportunities and challenges
Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Belgium
Fish in the Human Food Chain
 Protein
 n-3 HUFA
 Fe, I2, Ca
 vitamin A
Fish Food Security = availability + access
Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Belgium
Fishing = hunting
/ Overfishing
Polyculture of different carp species in China
Fertilising and feeding carp ponds in China
Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Belgium
Asia, esp. China – long history
large production
FOOD aquaculture
Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Belgium
Asia, esp. China – long history
large production
FOOD aquaculture
Recent developments successful new industry
BUSINESS aquaculture
Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Belgium
biology
technology
profitability
BUSINESS aquaculture
Overview of different phases in aquaculture productions
wild
broodstock
spawners
wild
eggs
sperm
embryos
wild
wild
larvae
fry
postlarvae
seed
stocking
ongrowing
market
market
Penaeid shrimp (gamba’s)
Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Belgium
Wild postlarvae collection of white shrimp off the coast of Ecuador
Predictable availability of fry, fingerlings,
postlarvae, seed, spores, ...
Ovaries in marine fish (milkfish Chanos chanos) can make up 30 % of the body weight
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar
Egg stripping in Atlantic salmon
Developing embryo of Atlantic salmon
yolk sac
Non-feeding and feeding stages of larval salmon
Formulated feed for salmon larvae
Cage farming of salmon off the coast of Norway
World salmon production per country
others
Thousand tonnes
Japan
1400
Australia
1200
USA
Ireland
1000
Faeroe Islands
800
Canada
Scotland
600
Chile
400
Norway
200
0
1975
FAO, 2003
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
pas-ontlokensea
zeebaars
larven
freshly-hatched
bass larva
yolk sac
dooierzak
dooierzak
yolk sac
Zalm
larve,
dagenlarva
oud
10-day
old 10
salmon
Food source in natural environment
maximum chances for meeting all
nutritional requirements
Brine shrimp, Artemia
seabass larva feeding on brine shrimp Artemia nauplii
seabream hatchery in Greece
shrimp hatchery in Ecuador
Aquaculture Systems: cages
Aquaculture Systems: ponds
Courtesy Nutreco
Photo Azim
Photo Schneider
Courtesy Harache
Aquaculture Systems: tanks
Courtesy Harache
Aquaculture Systems: indoor systems
Photo Schneider
Photo Schrama
Photo Eding
Photo Schneider
Taiwan
Ecuador
Pond farming of Penaeid shrimp
Shrimp hatchery in Ecuador producing 75 million postlarvae per month
Packing shrimp postlarvae in backyard hatchery in Vietnam
Pangasius catfish in Vietnam
> 1,000,000 tons/year
Pangasius farming in Vietnam
surface area
production yield
Global Aquatic Production
million metric
tons
160
Total
140
120
100
Fisheries
80
60
Aquaculture
40
20
9.7%
0
80
85
90
year
Human Consumption of Fish:
1990: 13 kg / person
2000: >16 kg / person
95
2000
34.1% or
42.8 million ton
in 2001
48 % in 2005 or >60 million ton
FAO, 2009
“Aquaculture is probably the
fastest growing food-producing
sector, and currently accounts for
almost 50% of the world’s food
fish and is perceived as having
the greatest potential to meet the
growing demand for aquatic food.”
“Given the projected population growth
over the next two decades, it is
estimated that by 2030 at least an
additional 40 million tons/year of
aquatic food will be required to
maintain the current per caput
consumption.”
Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Belgium
stagnant
capture
fisheries
INCREASED
MARKET
DEMAND
environmental problems?
human health risks?
sustainable?
more responsible farming !
INCREASED
aquaculture
production
Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Belgium
Priorities for future aquaculture:
from
empiricial farming
towards
a
knowledge-based bio-industry
Aquaculture:
the blue biotechnology of the future ?
Overview of different phases in an aquaculture farm
broodstock
spawners
wild
eggs
sperm
embryos
wild
wild
larvae
fry
postlarvae
seed
hatchery
wild
stocking
ongrowing
market
market
extensive
intensive
Predictable & cost-effective availability of
high-quality fry, fingerlings, postlarvae, seed,
spores, ...
disease free
certified seed
disease resistant
RESTOCKING
• juvenile fitness
• releasing strategies
• impact on wild stocks
The fish meal / fish oil contradiction
ALTERNATIVE PROTEIN / LIPID SOURCES
 plant protein
 soybean
 corn gluten
 wheat
 oats
 barley
human health concern?
 rendered products
 meat, bone & blood meal
 poultry by-products meal
 single-cell protein /oil
 recovery protein /oil
 seafood processing
 fisheries by-catch
disease risks?
Training & extension
Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Belgium
FISH: source of proteins, omega-3 fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, ...
Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Belgium
Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Belgium
www.aquaculture.ugent.be
Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Belgium