Building a message

1

• Parts of Speech • Word Class

2

• Text

• Sentence • Clause • Phrase

• Word

• Morpheme

RANK SCALE

3

The Rank Scale

• SENTENCE (or clause complex) For a moment the place was lifeless, and then two men emerged from the path and came into the opening by the green pool. • CLAUSE For a moment the place was lifeless ( and then) two men emerged from the path (and) came into the opening by the green pool. 4

• GROUP/PHRASE The place Lifeless emerged was and then for a moment two men from the path into the opening by the green pool 5

• WORD Place the lifeless • MORPHEME Life –less emerge - ed path 6

Building a message

WORDS

form

PHRASES

form

CLAUSES

to make A COMPLETE MESSAGE 7

Parts of Speech 1

• Open Word Classes: lexical or full words: • Nouns • Verbs • Adjectives • Adverbs 8

Parts of Speech 2

• Closed word classes: grammatical or empty words • Determiners or articles • Pronouns • Prepositions • Conjunctions 9

Functional grammar and word class

• Numerals added as a category:

one, two, three, etc.

• Pronouns (

I, you, he, etc)

subsumed within nouns (

car, sheep, happiness, Paul)

10

• • • •

Common nouns Proper nouns Abstract nouns Pronouns

Nouns

table, dog, food Birmingham, Jane beauty, democracy she, herself, who, whoever, what, which, this, that, these, those 11

PHRASES

• • • •

noun verb phrase phrase adjective adverb phrase phrase

•

prepositional phrase e.g: that strange

feeling

e.g: is; would like e.g:much happier e.g:now; very often e.g: of that

strange feeling

12

CLAUSES

• Independent : stands alone

e.g: The shoppers fled

• Dependent : provides supportive information

e.g: when the fire alarm rang.

13

S, P(V), O, C, A

In addition to grammatical categories, Functional categories: Subject

Predicate (verb)

Object Complement Adjunct 14

Subject, Verb, Object, Complement, Adjunct ….a sentence consists of: • a subject and • a verb and perhaps other elements following the verb . • If other elements are necessary to complete the structure of the sentence, they are called complements (including objects) • • • and if they are optional extras, giving circumstantial detail, they are called adjuncts. Young, David J. (CB).

Introducing English Grammar.

London, UK: Routledge, 1984. p 71. available: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/aston/Doc?id=10060832&ppg=72

Copyright © 1984. Routledge. All rights reserved.

15

The

Subject

• Answers the question

Who?

or

What?

16

The

Subject

• • Answers the question

Who?

or

What?

S

comes before (P)

V

in statements 17

The

Subject

• • Answers the question

Who?

or

What?

S

comes before (P)

V

in statements

S (P) V

The wall-eyed nurse came back

S

(P)

V

I tried 18

The

Subject

•

S

often affects the form of the verb:

S

(P)

V

Doctor Gordon was unlocking the closet

S (P) V

They were glad to let her 19

The

Object

• Answers the question

Whom?

or

What?

20

The

Object

• • Answers the question

Whom?

or

What?

O comes after S & (P) V

21

The

Object

• • • Answers the question

Whom?

or

What?

O

comes after

S

&

(P) V O

refers to a different entity from

S S

(P)

V O

Doctor Gordon was unlocking the closet

S (P) V O

She unclasped my watch 22

S

, (P)

V

&

O

in Extract 3 1.

The wall-eyed nurse came back

.

2.

She unclasped my watch

3. and dropped it in her pocket.

4. Then she started tweaking the hairpins from my hair.

5.

Doctor Gordon was unlocking the closet

.

6. He dragged out a table on wheels with a machine on it 7. and rolled it behind the head of the bed.

8. The nurse started swabbing my temples with a smelly grease.

23

TASK: Identify

S

,

V

&

O

in Extract 3 1.

The wall-eyed nurse came back

.

2.

She

3. and

* unclasped dropped it my watch

in her pocket.

4. Then

she

my hair.

started tweaking the hairpins

from 5.

Doctor Gordon

6.

He dragged out machine on it was unlocking

the closet .

a table on wheels with a

7. and

* rolled it

behind the head of the bed.

8.

The nurse started swabbing

a smelly grease.

my temples

with 24

Transitive clauses

• Clauses with both

S

and

O

= TRANSITIVE •

Subject

acting on or affecting

Object

• Subject = ‘doer’ =

Actor

or

Agent

• Object = ‘done-to’ =

Affected

25

TASK: Who does what to whom or what?

Subjects:

Doctor

Objects:

Nurse ‘I’ [= narrator] 26

TASK: Who does what to whom or what?

Subjects: Doctor Objects:

the closet; a table on wheels with a machine on it’ it [the table on …]

Nurse ‘I’ [= narrator]

my watch; it [my watch]; the hairpins; my temples 27

• The

VERB

(predicator) is the essential element in any clause • Most clauses also require a

SUBJECT

• Many clauses also have an

OBJECT

– transitive clauses – doer + action + done-to 28

Active vs Passive voice • Active:

She unclasped my watch

= S(P)VO

She tweaked the hairpins

hair]=S(P)VO [from my • Passive:

My watch was unclasped

= S(P)V

The hairpins were tweaked

hair]=S(P)V [from my 29

Another kind of clause element • Not all verbs represent actions done to something

S V

?

She was cool and fresh 30

Another kind of clause element • Not all verbs represent actions done to something

S

(P)

V

?

She was cool and fresh • Cannot make a passive version of the clause Cool and fresh was been - !!

31

The

Complement

•

C

is required by a small number of verbs:

BE SEEM BECOME GET GROW FEEL LOOK

32

The

Complement

• • • •

C

refers to the same entity as

S

Describes or evaluates

S She

was

cool and fresh There

were

only a few patients He

felt

sick about saying goodbye like that

The ‘equals sign test’ She

=

cool and fresh Cannot be made

S

clause of a passive version of the 33

Intransitive clauses • When

C

is obligatory, the clause is

intransitive

• Some

intransitive

either

C

or

O

: verbs can occur without [they] prayed On the train … they quarrelled about her not being willing to come home at once • Some verbs may be used either transitively or intransitively: Gray’s tackle broke Watson’s leg I thought my bones would break 34

S

, (P)

V

,

O

&

C:

1. One very hot evening in Padua

they

to the roof

carried him

out on 2. and

he could look

out over the top of the town.

3.

There were chimney swifts

in the sky.

4. After a while

it got dark

5. and

the searchlights came out

.

6.

The others went

down 7. and

* took the bottles

with them.

8.

He and Luz could hear them

below on the balcony.

9.

Luz sat

on the bed.

10.

She was cool and fresh

in the hot night.

35

S

, (P)

V

,

O, C,

A 1. One very hot evening in Padua

they

to the roof

carried him

out on 2. and

he could look

out over the top of the town.

3.

There were chimney swifts

in the sky.

4. After a while

it got dark

5. and

the searchlights came out

.

6.

The others went

down 7. and

* took the bottles

with them.

8.

He and Luz could hear them

below on the balcony.

9.

Luz sat

on the bed.

10.

She was cool and fresh

in the hot night.

36