Transcript Midterm Exam Review

Midterm
Exam Review
English 10
Mrs. Green
Text Structure
 Chronological
order – organized in TIME
order, when things happen
 Key
words – Dates, times
 Jack
and Jill ran up the hill to fetch a pail
of water. Jack fell down and broke his
crown and Jill came tumbling after.
Text Structure

Compare/Contrast – two or more things are
described, listing ways that things are the
same and how they are different

Key words – both, same, different, on the
other hand, meanwhile

Linux and Windows are both operating
systems. Computers use them to run
programs. Linux is totally free and open
source, so users can improve or otherwise
modify the source code. Windows is
proprietary, so it costs money to use and users
are prohibited from altering the source code.
Text Structure

Cause/Effect – The reason something
happens and the result, the result of
something is explained

Key words – Cause – reason, effect- result,
consequently, so, as a result

The dodo bird used to roam in large flocks
across America. Interestingly, the dodo
wasn’t startled by gun shot. Because of this,
frontiersmen would kill entire flocks in one
sitting. Unable to sustain these attacks, the
dodo was hunted to extinction.
Text Structure

Problem and Solution - a problem is
described and a response or solution is
proposed or explained.

Key words – Problem- difficult, struggle,
uncertainty, worry, threat, trouble
Solution
– possibility, hope bright spot, answer, and
future

Thousands of people die each year in car
accidents involving drugs or alcohol. Lives
could be saved if our town adopts a free
public taxi service. By providing such a
service, we could prevent intoxicated drivers
from endangering themselves or others.
Text Structure
 Sequence
- information is organized in
steps or a process is explained in the order
in which it occurs
 Key
words – first, then, next
 Eating
cereal is easy. First, get out your
materials. Next, pour your cereal in the
bowl, add milk, and enjoy.
Author’s Purpose
 To
Inform - give facts or true information
about a subject, inform you on a topic

Often called expository writing.
 Examples:
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Biography of Barack Obama
News report about a shooting
Note to a friend
Essay about “killer bees”
Author’s Purpose
 Persuade
- writing attempts to influence
the reader.
 Usually makes an argument.
 Examples:
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Political speeches
Advertisements
A cover letter for your resume
An essay urging readers to recycle
Author’s Purpose
 Entertain Have
a beginning, middle, and end
 Examples

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telling a narrative (or stories)
of Writing to Entertain
Harry Potter books
Poems about love
Narrative essay about the big game
Script for a TV show
Prediction

Making an educated guess about what may happen next in a
text/passage

Read the following story and look at the prediction below.

Ben always had trouble getting up in the morning. His mother
usually had to call him at least twice. He'd already been late
for school three times this month. Mom had already called him
once and now headed up to his room and knocked on the
door. When he didn't respond she walked in and found him
fast asleep!

Prediction - Ben will be late for school.

Clues - He had trouble waking up. He'd been late for school 3 times.

Personal Experience - If you don't wake up in time, you'll be late for
school.
Characterization
 Characterization
is the process by which the writer
reveals the personality of a character.
 Direct
Characterization tells the audience what the
personality of the character is.
 Example:
“The patient boy and quiet girl were both
well mannered and did not disobey their mother.”
Explanation: The author is directly telling the
audience the personality of these two children. The
boy is “patient” and the girl is “quiet.”
Characterization

Characterization is the process by which the writer reveals the
personality of a character.

Indirect characterization shows things that reveal he
personality of a character. There are five different methods of
indirect characterization:
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Speech What does the character say? How does the
character speak?
Thoughts What is revealed through the character’s private
thoughts and feelings?
Effect on others toward the character. What is revealed
through the character’s effect on other people? How do other
characters feel or behave in reaction to the character?
Actions What does the character do? How does the character
behave?
Looks What does the character look like? How does the
character dress?
Characterization
 Indirect
Example
 EXAMPLE:
The girl strolled undetected
toward the sandy expanse of the beach
while her brother sprinted towards the
water’s edge kicking up sand onto
nearby sunbathers and startling people all
around with the tunes blaring from his
handheld radio.
 EXPLANATION:
Although the author does
not tell us that the girl is quiet and her
brother is rambunctious, we can infer this
through their actions.
Characterization Practice
Identify which passage is direct and which is indirect.
A. Ed Johnson scratched his head in confusion as the sales rep explained
Dralco’s newest engine performance diagnostic computer. The old
mechanic hated modern electronics, preferring the old days when all he
needed was a stack of manuals and a good set of tools.
B. “That Ed Johnson,” said Anderson, watching the old mechanic scratch
his head in confusion as the sales rep explained Dralco’s newest engine
performance diagnostic computer. “He hasn’t got a clue about modern
electronics. Give him a good set of tools and a stack of yellowing manuals
with a carburetor needing repair, and he’d be happy as a hungry frog in a
fly-field.”
Characterization Practice
Identify which passage is direct and
which is indirect.
A. Julie held up six different outfits in front of the mirror and pondered
which would go best with her navy blue shoes, pastel eye shadow and
the diamond earrings she’d already procured from her overflowing
vanity. After ninety minutes of mixing and matching, and cell-phoning
her sister three times for advice, Julie finally made up her mind. She’d
give the navy blue skirt and white sweater a try, hoping Trent would
love it
B. Julie owned a multitude of outfits and accessories, and it always took
her forever to decide which combination might impress Trent. As usual,
she called her sister several times for advice. After doing so, Julie
decided to give the navy blue skirt with the white sweater a try.
Point of View
 Narrator
the story

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
– the person (character) telling
First Person
Third Person limited
Third Person Omniscient
Point of View
 First
Person - The narrator tells “I” or “my”
story. Also, this may be “we” or “our”
story.

Ex: We went to the store.
Point of View
Third Person Limited - The narrator tells “his” or
“her” story and reveals one character’s
thoughts or feelings.
Ex: Sad that his girlfriend had left him, Ben
wasn’t paying attention as he walked down
the street. A man drove by and yelled, “Hey,
watch where you’re going!”
Point of View
Third Person Omniscient – All-Knowing
The narrator tells “his” or “her” story and
reveals more than one character’s thoughts
or feelings.
Ex: Sad that his girlfriend had left him, Ben
wasn’t paying attention as he walked down
the street. Tom was also having a bad day,
and as he was driving by Ben, Tom tried to
startle him: “Hey, watch where you’re going!”
Tom yelled intimidatingly.
Research
 Thesis
A
Statement
thesis sums up what the paper will tell
the reader. It is not the topic. The topic is
the subject of the paper, the thesis tells
the reader something about the topic.
The thesis should be at least one
complete sentence, it must be logical,
and the writer must make a claim that he
or she can prove with the content of the
paper.
Research – Thesis Samples
 Topic:
The Battle of Gettysburg
 Thesis: The Battle of Gettysburg changed the
momentum of the Civil War.
 Topic:
Mike Piazza
 Thesis: With his leadership skills, offensive output,
and work ethic, Mike Piazza excels as the best Major
League catcher in the history of baseball.
 Topic:
Basketball
 Thesis: Winning basketball games requires a solid
team of skilled athletes, not just one superstar.
Research
 Source
– people or published material
that provide information on the report’s
topic
 Books
 Magazines
 News
cast
 Website
Research

Citation

“Main Entry: cite
2 : to quote by way of example, authority, or proof
3 a : to refer to; especially : to mention formally in
commendation or praise b : to name in a citation
4 : to bring forward or call to another's attention
especially as an example, proof, or precedent” (“cite”)
To cite a source in a paper means that the writer has
referred to a specific book, magazine, web site, or other
source of information and is using information taken
from that source in the paper (“cite”). The writer then
directs the reader’s attention to a page at the end called
a Works Cited page so that the reader knows where he
or she can find that source.

Research

Works Cited Example
Research
 Plagiarism
is…
cheating or deception.
If you attempt to use another person's work as if
it were your own, without adequate
acknowledgement of the original source; and if
this is done in work that you submit for a grade
then you are attempting to deceive your teacher,
your parents, or anyone reading the paper. In
other words, plagiarism is cheating and it is
deceitful in that you are trying to claim the credit
for something that is not your work.
Research
Use your own words and ideas.
Give credit for copied, adapted, or
paraphrased material.
Avoid using others' work with minor
"cosmetic" changes.
There are no "freebies."
Beware of "common knowledge."
Research
Credibility merely means that an author of a web site has
credentials that prove he or she is knowledgeable in a field. After
all, you don’t want information about your health provided by an
electrician in Ohio who enjoys reading health guides during his
lunch breaks!
Reliability concerns the trustworthiness and believability of a
source
Affixes
 There
are two kinds of word parts: affixes and roots.
 An
affix is a word part that can be attached to
either a root or a base word to create a new word.
A
root is a main or base word part that gives the
word most of its meaning. They usually come from
another language, such as Greek or Latin.
Affixes
 Affixes
can be divided into two categories: prefixes
(appear at the beginning of words) and suffixes
(appear at the end of words).
Common Prefixes
Common Suffixes
Bi-
two
-al
adjectival suffix
Anti-
against
-fy
verb suffix
Inter-
between
-ic
adjectival suffix
Pre-
before
-ion
noun suffix
Super-
above
-ism
noun suffix
-ize
verb suffix
-ous
adjectival suffix
TransDis-
across
not
Affixes
Roots
Affixes
Latin Root: tang,
meaning “touch”
Prefix: in-, meaning
“not”
Greek Root:
chrome, meaning
“color”
Suffix: -ible, meaing
“able to”
Sentences
 Complete
Sentences
1
– capital letter
 2 – end punctuation
 3 – subject
 4 – verb
 5 – complete thought
 Sentence

Fragments
Incomplete sentence, missing a sentence
part
Sentences

Comma – used to add separation or pause
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Multiple word description (fluffy, white cat)
List (I like music, reading, and swimming.)
Compound sentences and introductory phrases
I would like to go out with you, but I already
have a boyfriend.
 As a result, you’re going to have to find another
date.
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Colon – punctuation that introduces a list in a
sentence
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There are many things I’d like to try: skydiving,
bungee jumping, and white water rafting.
Part of Speech
 Noun
 Verb
– person, place, thing
– action of the sentence
 Adjective
 Adverb
– describes a noun
– modifies (describes) a verb
Allusion
 Reference
to a well known person, place,
event, art, or literature

Their relationship was like the Titanic!
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The Hatfields and McCoys act like Romeo
and Juliet’s families!
Hyperbole
 An
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
exaggeration
Yeah, I already beat that game 80,000
years ago
Nobody listens to that song anymore.
These shoes are killing me.
Idiom
 Common
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
phrase with multiple meanings
Bob’s new corner office was just the icing
on the cake.
After eating candy, Billy ran around like a
chick with his head cut off.
That new car coast an arm and a leg.
Metaphor
 Comparison
of two unlike things by stating
that one is the other
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The cast on Michael’s broken leg was a
plaster shackle.
She as just a trophy to Ricardo, another
object to possess.
Her eyes were fireflies.
Waves of spam emails inundated his inbox.
Personification
 Describing

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an object as if it were a person
Thunder grumbled and raindrops reported
for duty.
The moon turned over to face the day.
The traffic noises argued long into the night
and finally Cal went to sleep.
The angry storm pounded the tin shelter.
Simile

Comparing two unlike things using ‘like’ or ‘as’
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My mother’s kitchen was like a holy place. You
couldn’t wear your shoes, you had to sit there at
a certain time, and occasionally we’d pray.
The bottle rolled off the table like a teardrop.
The handshake felt like warm laundry.
She hung her head like a dying flower.
Arguing with her was like dueling with hand
grenades.
The Rest of the review…
 Finish
the exercises to get more familiar
with skills needed for the test
 DO

NOT FORGET TO STUDY!
Exam has 2 parts – mine and benchmark
 Be
prepared, bring a pencil.