Transcript Document

A Future with Promise:
Latino Adolescent
Reproductive Health
A Future with Promise:
A Chartbook on Latino Adolescent
Reproductive Health
Anne Driscoll, DrPH
Claire Brindis, DrPh
M. Antonia Biggs, PhD
L. Teresa Valderrama, MPH
Center for Reproductive Health Research and Policy,
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences,
and the Institute for Health Policy Studies
University of California, San Francisco
http://crhrp.ucsf.edu
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Chapter 1:
Population
Figure 1.1: Projected US Population by Race/
Ethnicity, 2000-2025
Source: US Census, 2000
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 1.1: Projected US Population by
Race/Ethnicity, 2000-2025
In 2000, the US population was:
• 12.5% Latino
• 12.2% African American
• 71.4% white
By 2025, the US population is projected to be:
• 18.2% Latino
• 12.9% African American
• 62.0% white
Source: US Census, 2000
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 1.2: Age Distribution by Race/ Ethnicity, 2000
Source: US Census, 2000
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 1.2: Age Distribution by Race/
Ethnicity, 2000
The Latino population in the US is young:
• 39% of Latinos are under the age of 20,
whereas 34% of African Americans and
26% of whites are
• 6% of Latinos, 8% of African Americans
and 15% of whites are over age 64
Source: US Census, 2000
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 1.3: Projected US Youth Population (ages
10-19) by Race/Ethnicity, 2000-2025
Source: US Census, 2000
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 1.3: Projected US Youth Population
(ages 10-19) by Race/Ethnicity, 2000-2025
• In 2000, 14% of the US youth population
was Latino – this will grow to 24% by 2025
• The African American youth population will
stay relatively constant between 2000 &
2025 (15% to 14%)
• The percentage of the youth population that
is white will decrease from 66% to 54%
during this same period
Source: US Census 2001
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 1.4: Latino Population by National Origin,
2000
Source: Therrien & Ramirez, 2001
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 1.4: Latino Population by National
Origin, 2000
• A majority (66%) of US Latinos are of
Mexican descent
• 15% are of Central/South American
descent
• 9% are of Puerto Rican descent
• 4% are of Cuban descent
Source: Therrien & Ramirez, 2001
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 1.5: Percent Increase in Latino Population,
1990-2000
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 1.5: Percent Increase in Latino
Population by State, 1990-2000
From 1990 to 2000:
• North Carolina experienced the
greatest percentage increase by
state (394%)
• 337% in Arkansas
• 300% in Georgia
• 278% in Tennessee
Source: Guzman, 2001
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
8B
Figure 1.6: Latino Population, 1990
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 1.7: Latino Population by State, 2000
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figures 1.6 and 1.7: Latino Population by
State, 1990-2000
• In 1990, 31 states had 100,000 Latinos
or less; in 2000, 30 states did
• The number of states with between
250,000 and 500,000 Latinos rose from 2
to 10 states
• The number of states with over 1 million
Latinos rose from 5 to 7 states
Source: Guzman, 2001
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 1.8: Latina Teen Birth Rates (ages 1519)*, 2000
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 1.8: Latina Teen Birth Rates (ages
15-19) by State, 2000
In 2000:
• The US Latina teen birth rate was 89
per 1,000 teens
• North Carolina had the highest rate
(150/1,000)
• West Virginia had the lowest rate
(9/1,000)
Sources: Papillo et al., 2002; US Census Bureau, 2000
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
8B
Figure 1.9: Percentage of Youth (ages 0-18) in TwoParent Families by Race/Ethnicity, 1980-2002
Source: Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 2003
*Data not available for all years
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 1.9: Percentage of Youth (ages 0-18)
in Two-Parent Families by Race/Ethnicity,
1980-2002
The proportion of youth living with both parents
decreased across groups:
• From 75% to 65% among Latinos
• From 42% to 38% among African Americans
• From 81% to 77% among whites (19902002)*
Source: Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 2003
*Data not available for all years
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 1.10: Percentage of Youth (ages 0-18) in
Poverty by Race/Ethnicity, 1980-2001
Source: Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 2003
*Data not available for all years
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 1.10: Percentage of Youth (ages 018) in Poverty by Race/Ethnicity, 19802001
Youth of color are more likely to be poor than
whites. Yet, the proportion of youth living in
poverty decreased across groups:
• From 33% to 27% among Latinos
• From 42% to 30% among African Americans
• From 12% to 9% among whites (1990-2001)*
Source: Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 2003
*Data not available for all years
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 1.12: Percentage of Babies Born at Low
Birthweight by Race/Ethnicity and National Origin
of Mother, 2001
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 1.12: Percentage of Babies Born at
Low Birthweight by Race/Ethnicity and
National Origin of Mother, 2001
• The proportion of low birthweight babies is
lower among Latinos (6%) than among whites
(7%) or African Americans (13%)
• Puerto Rican mothers are more likely to have
low birthweight babies (9%) than Central and
South American, Cuban or Mexican mothers
(6% for all groups)
Source: Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 1.13: Infant Mortality Rates by Race/
Ethnicity, 1983-2000
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Figure 1.13: Infant Mortality Rates* by
Race/Ethnicity, 1983-2000
African Americans have the highest infant
mortality rates, yet rates have decreased
across all groups from:
• 9.5 to 5.6 among Latinos
• 9.2 to 5.7 among whites
• 19.1 to 13.6 among African Americans
Source: Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 2003
*Number of deaths per 1,000 live births
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 1.14: Adolescent (ages 15-19) Death
Rates by Race/Ethnicity and Sex, 2000
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 1.14: Adolescent (ages 15-19) Death
Rates by Race/Ethnicity and Sex, 2000
Among adolescents, males and African
Americans are at the greatest risk of dying.
In 2000, there were:
• 90 male and 29 female deaths per 1,000
Latino teens
• 130 male and 44 female deaths per 1,000
African American teens
• 86 male and 41 female deaths per 1,000
white teens
Source: Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 1.15: Causes of Deaths among Adolescent
(ages 15-19) Males by Race/Ethnicity, 2000
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 1.15: Causes of Death among Adolescent
(ages 15-19) Males by Race/Ethnicity, 2000
• Latino males are most likely to die from motor vehicle
accidents (MVA, 29%), followed by firearms (28%),
other injury (19%) and non-injury (15%)
• African American males are most likely to die from
firearms (62%), followed by non-injury (27%), MVA
(22%) and other injury (19%)
• White males are most likely to die from MVA (21%),
followed by other injury (20%), non-injury (17%),
and firearms (12%)
Source: Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 1.16: Causes of Death among Adolescent
(ages 15-19) Females by Race/Ethnicity, 2000
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 1.16: Causes of Death among
Adolescent (ages 15-19) Females by
Race/Ethnicity, 2000
• Latina females are most likely to die from motor
vehicle accidents (MVA, 11%), followed by non-injury
(10%), other injury (5%), and firearms (3%)
• African American females are most likely to die from
non-injury (21%), followed by MVA (10%), other
injury (7%) and firearms (6%)
• White females are most likely to die from MVA
(21%), followed by non-injury (12%), other injury
(6%), and firearms (2%)
Source: Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Chapter 2:
Immigration
Figure 2.1: Latino Population by Generation,
1999
Source: Jamieson, Curry and Martinez, 2001
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 2.1: Latino Population by
Generation, 1999
For all Latinos:
• 39% are immigrants
• 28% are US-born offspring of an immigrant parent
• 32% are US-born children of US-born parents
For Latino students:
• 18% are immigrants
• 48% are US-born offspring of an immigrant parent
• 34% are US-born children of US-born parents
Source: Jamieson, Curry and Martinez, 2001
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 2.2: Latino Population by National
Origin, 2000
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Figure 2.2: Latino Population by National
Origin, 2000
Most Latinos living in the US are of Mexican
origin:
• 66% are Mexican
• 15% are Central and South American
• 9% are Puerto Rican
• 6% are Other
• 4% are Cuban
Source: Therrien & Ramirez, 2001
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 2.3: Mean Family Income of Latino
Students (grades 7-12) by Generation, 1988
Source: Kao,1999
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 2.3: Mean Family Income of Latino
Students (grades 7-12) by Generation,
1988
The household income of Latino students
increases slightly with each generation, never
approaching that of white students:
• $22 thousand among 1st generation Latinos
• $28 thousand among 2nd generation Latinos
• $29 thousand among 3rd generation Latinos
• $46 thousand among 3rd generation whites
Source: Kao,1999
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 2.4: Poverty Rates of Latino Students
(grades 7-12) by Generation and Region of Origin,
1988
Source: Kao,1999
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 2.4: Poverty Rates of Latino
Students (grades 7-12) by Generation and
Region of Origin, 1988
Mexican-origin students are most likely to be
poor. When 1st and 2nd generation students
are compared to 3rd generation students:
• 42% vs. 34% of Mexicans are poor
• 27% vs. 24% of Central Americans are poor
• 24% vs. 28% of Caribbeans are poor
• 14% vs. 15% of South Americans are poor
Source: Kao,1999
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 2.5: Changes in Language among Youth
(ages 5-17) by Generation, 1990
Source: Hernandez and Charney, 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 2.5: Changes in Language among
Youth (ages 5-17) by Generation, 1990
When youth who live in a linguistically
isolated household are compared to
youth who speak English very well:
• 44% vs. 55% are 1st generation
• 31% vs. 29% are 2nd generation
• 9% vs. 0% are 3rd generation
Source: Hernandez and Charney, 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 2.6: Percentage of 16-24 Year Olds in
School/High School Graduates, 2000
Source: Kaufman, Alt & Chapman, 2001
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 2.6: Percentage of 16-24 Year Olds
in School/High School Graduates, 2000
Latinos of all generations are less likely to
be high school graduates:
• 56% of 1st generation Latinos
• 85% of 2nd generation Latinos
• 84% of 3rd generation Latinos
• 87% of African Americans
• 93% of whites
Source: Kaufman, Alt & Chapman, 2001
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 2.7: Percentage of 8th Graders Who
Dropped Out of High School, 1994
Source: Kaufman, Chavez & Lauen, 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 2.7: Percentage of 8th Graders Who
Dropped Out of High School, 1994
• The proportion of Latino students who
ever drop out of high school is stable
across generations at 28%
• 14% of 1st, 12% of 2nd, and 9% of 3rd
generation Latinos from the class of
1992 did not graduate by 1994
Source: Kaufman, Chavez & Lauen, 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 2.8: School Characteristics by Latino
Generational Status, 1988
Source: Kaufman, Chavez & Lauen, 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 2.8a: School Characteristics by
Latino Generational Status, 1988
Among 1st generation Latinos:
• 53% are in urban schools
• 78% are in schools with >50%
• 62% are in schools with >40%
Among 2nd generation Latinos:
• 45% are in urban schools
• 73% are in schools with >50%
• 53% are in schools with >40%
Source: Kaufman, Chavez & Lauen, 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
ethnic minorities
poor
ethnic minorities
poor
Figure 2.8b: School Characteristics by
Latino Generational Status, 1988
Among 3rd generation Latinos:
• 36% are in urban schools
• 54% are in schools with mostly ethnic
minorities
• 37% are in schools where >40% of
students are poor
Source: Kaufman, Chavez & Lauen, 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 2.9: Percentage of Latino 8th Graders
Proficient in School Subjects by Generation, 1988
Source: Kaufman, Chavez & Lauen, 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 2.9: Percentage of Latino 8th
Graders Proficient in School Subjects by
Generation, 1988
• For 1st generation students, 77% are proficient
in reading, 80% in math, and 51% in science
• For 2nd generation students, 84% are
proficient in reading, 77% in math, and 60%
in science
• For 3rd generation students, 82% are proficient
in reading, 74% in math, and 65% in science
Source: Kaufman, Chavez & Lauen, 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 2.10: Percentage of Latino 8th Graders and
Parents with High Educational Expectations, 1988
Source: Kaufman, Chavez & Lauen, 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 2.10: Percentage of Latino 8th
Graders and Parents with High Educational
Expectations, 1988
• 70% of 1st generation students (41% of
their parents) expect to get at least a 4
year degree or higher
• 61% of 2nd generation students (48% of
their parents) expect a degree
• 63% of 3rd generation students (50% of
their parents) expect a degree
Source: Kaufman, Chavez & Lauen, 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 2.11: Percentage of Latino Students (grades
7-12) Who Have Had Sex by Generation and
National Origin*, 1995
Source: Harris, 1999
*Data not available for 3rd generation Cuban
and 1st generation Puerto Rican
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 2.11: Percentage of Latino Students (grades
7-12) Who Have Had Sex by Generation and
National Origin*, 1995
• Foreign born (32%) and native born (32%)
children of Mexican immigrant parents, are less
likely to have had sex than 3rd generation
youth (41%), as are the children of Central
and South American youth (37%, 34%, and
40% respectively)
• 45% of 2nd and 48% of 3rd generation Puerto
Rican students have had sex
• Whereas more 2nd (31%) than 1st generation
(25%) Cuban students have had sex
Source: Harris, 1999
*Data not available for 3rd generation Cuban and 1st generation Puerto Rican
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 2.12: Protected First Sex among Mexican
Students (grades 7-12) by Generation, 1995
Source: Harris, 1999
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 2.12: Protected First Sex among
Mexican Students (grades 7-12) by
Generation, 1995
Birth control use increased with each
generation:
• 42% of 1st generation
• 52% of 2nd generation
• 56% of 3rd generation
Source: Harris, 1999
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 2.13: Percentage of Latino Students (grades
7-12) Who Smoke Regularly by Generation and
National Origin*, 1995
Source: Harris, 1999
*Data not available for 3rd generation
Cuban and 1st generation Puerto Rican
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 2.13: Percentage of Latino Students (grades
7-12) Who Smoke Regularly by Generation and
National Origin*, 1995
For 1st generation youth:
• 8% of Mexicans, 9% of Central and South
Americans, and 5% of Cubans smoke regularly
For 2nd generation youth:
• 11% of Mexicans, 16% of Central and South
Americans, and 23% of Puerto Ricans smoke
For 3rd generation youth:
• 16% of Mexicans, 25% of Central and South
Americans, and 30% of Puerto Ricans smoke
Source: Harris, 1999
*Data not available for 3rd generation Cuban and 1st generation Puerto Rican
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 2.14: Percentage of Latino Students (grades
7-12) Drunk at Least Monthly by Generation and
National Origin*, 1995
Source: Harris, 1999
*Data not available for 3rd generation Cuban and 1st generation Puerto Rican
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 2.14: Percentage of Latino Students (grades
7-12) Drunk at Least Monthly by Generation and
National Origin*, 1995
For 1st generation youth:
• 5% of Mexicans, 8% of Central and South
Americans, and 6% of Cubans drunk monthly
For 2nd generation youth:
• 15% of Mexicans, 11% of Cubans and Central and
South Americans, and 14% of Puerto Ricans
For 3rd generation youth:
• 21% of Mexicans, 18% of Central and South
Americans, and 14% of Puerto Ricans
Source: Harris, 1999
*Data not available for 3rd generation Cuban and 1st generation Puerto Rican
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Chapter 3:
Education
Figure 3.1: Math and Reading Scores of
Kindergartners by Race/Ethnicity, 1998
Source: Wirt et al., 2000
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 3.1: Math and Reading Scores of
Kindergartners by Race/Ethnicity, 1998
Math:
• 40% of
• 39% of
• 18% of
Reading:
• 42% of
• 34% of
• 18% of
Latinos score in the bottom quartile
African Americans score in the bottom 25%
whites score in the bottom quartile
Latinos score in the bottom quartile
African Americans score in the bottom quartile
whites score in the bottom quartile
Source: Wirt et al., 2000
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 3.2: Percentage of 6-18 Year Olds’ Mothers
with less than a High School Education by
Race/Ethnicity, 1974-1999
Source: Wirt et al., 2000
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 3.2: Percentage of 6-18 Year Olds’
Mothers with less than a High School
Education by Race/Ethnicity, 1974-1999
While decreasing for all groups, the decrease has
been less sharp among Latinos. From 1974 to
1999 the percentage of youth whose mothers
had less than a high school education
decreased from:
• 62% to 49% for Latino youth
• 58% to 20% for African American youth
• 27% to 7% for white youth
Source: Wirt et al., 2000
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 3.3: Math Scores of 9 Year Olds by Race/
Ethnicity, 1982-1999
Source: Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 3.3: Math Scores of 9 Year Olds by
Race/Ethnicity, 1982-1999
From 1982 to 1999 the math scores of 9 year
olds increased from:
• 204 to 213 for Latinos
• 195 to 211 for African Americans
• 224 to 239 for whites
Source: Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 3.4: Reading Scores of 9 Year Olds by Race/
Ethnicity, 1980-1999
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 3.4: Reading Scores of 9 Year Olds by
Race/Ethnicity, 1980-1999
From 1980 to 1999 the reading scores of 9 year
olds:
• Increased from 190 to 193 for Latinos
• Decreased from 189 to 186 for African
Americans
• Remained steady at 221 for whites
Source: Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 3.5: Math Scores of 17 Year Olds by
Race/Ethnicity, 1982-1999
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 3.5: Math Scores of 17 Year Olds by
Race/Ethnicity, 1982-1999
From 1982 to 1999 the math scores of 17 year
olds increased:
• From 277 to 293 for Latinos
• From 272 to 283 for African Americans
• From 304 to 315 for whites
Source: Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 3.6: Reading Scores of 17 Year Olds by
Race/Ethnicity, 1980-1999
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 3.6: Reading Scores of 17 Year Olds
by Race/Ethnicity, 1980-1999
From 1980 to 1999 the reading scores of 17 year
olds increased:
• From 261 to 271 for Latinos
• From 243 to 264 for African Americans
• From 293 to 295 for whites
Source: Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 3.7: Advanced Coursetaking by 1998 High
School Graduates by Race/Ethnicity
Source: Wirt et al., 2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 3.7: Advanced Coursetaking by 1998
High School Graduates by Race/Ethnicity
In 1998:
• Latinos were less likely to take advanced
science courses (49%), advanced math
courses (26%) and advanced English courses
(22%) than whites (64%, 45%, and 31%) or
African Americans (55%, 40%, and 27%)
Source: Wirt et al., 2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 3.8: Advanced Placement Exams Taken by
High School Seniors by Race/Ethnicity, 1984-1996
Source: Wirt et al., 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 3.8: Advanced Placement Exams
Taken by High School Seniors by
Race/Ethnicity, 1984-1996
From 1984-1996, the rates of high school seniors
who took an AP exam rose among all groups:
• From 24% to 74% for Latinos
• From 8% to 32% for African Americans
• From 48% to 133% for whites
Source: Wirt et al., 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 3.9: SAT Verbal Scores by Race/Ethnicity,
1976-1995
Source: Wirt et al., 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 3.9: SAT Verbal Scores by
Race/Ethnicity, 1976-1995
From 1976-1995, mean verbal SAT scores rose
among all groups:
• From 371 to 376 for Mexicans
• From 364 to 372 for Puerto Ricans
• From 332 to 356 for African Americans
• From 451 to 448 for whites
Source: Wirt et al., 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 3.10: SAT Math Scores by Race/Ethnicity,
1976-1995
Source: Wirt et al., 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 3.10: SAT Math Scores by
Race/Ethnicity, 1976-1995
From 1976-1995, mean math SAT scores rose
among all groups:
• From 410 to 426 for Mexicans
• From 401 to 411 for Puerto Ricans
• From 354 to 388 for African Americans
• From 493 to 498 for whites
Source: Wirt et al., 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 3.11: The Road to a Bachelor’s Degree among
College-Qualified 1992 High School Graduates by
Race/Ethnicity, 1994
Source: Wirt et al., 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 3.11: The Road to a Bachelor’s Degree
among College-Qualified 1992 High School
Graduates by Race/Ethnicity, 1994
• Latino high school students (78%) were almost
as likely to expect to earn a bachelor’s degree
as college-qualified whites (83%) and African
Americans (83%)
• Latinos (69%), however, are less likely to plan
to attend a 4-yr college or university than
whites (76%) or African Americans (79%)
Source: Wirt et al., 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 3.12: Percentage of High School Graduates
Qualified to Attend College by Race/Ethnicity, 1994
Source: Wirt et al., 2000
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 3.12: Percentage of High School
Graduates Qualified to Attend College by
Race/Ethnicity, 1994
• About half of Latinos (47%) and African
Americans (53%), and one-third (32%) of
whites were unqualified to attend college
• Whereas, 35% of whites were highly or very
highly qualified, compared to 16% of African
Americans and 19% of Latinos
Source: Wirt et al., 2000
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 3.13: Percentage of 25-34 Year Old Latinos
Who Had Not Completed High School by
Generation, 1979, 1989, 1996
Source: Wirt et al., 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 3.13: Percentage of 25-34 Year Old Latinos
Who Had Not Completed High School by
Generation, 1979, 1989, 1996
From 1979 to 1996:
• Dropout rates of Mexican-origin youth were higher,
yet improved more, than those of Latinos from
other backgrounds
• 1st generation rates declined from 75% to 61%
among Mexican-origin Latinos and increased slightly
from 31% to 32% among other Latinos
• For 3rd generation Latinos, dropout rates declined
from 33% to 26% among Mexican-origin Latinos
and increased slightly from 18% to 20% among
other Latinos
Source: Wirt et al., 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 3.14: Percentage of College Attendance among
High School Graduates by Race/Ethnicity, 2002
Source: US Census Bureau, 2004
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 3.14: Percentage of College
Attendance among High School Graduates by
Race/Ethnicity, 2002
Latinos are less likely than their African American and
white counterparts to go to college. In 2002:
• 32% of Latino high school graduates (ages 25-29)
were enrolled in college
• 40% of African American graduates were in college
• Almost half (47%) of white graduates were in
college
Source: US Census Bureau, 2004
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 3.15: Percentage of 25-29 Year Olds with
College Degree by Race/Ethnicity, 1975-2000
Source: US Census Bureau, 2000
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 3.15: Percentage of 25-29 Year Olds
with a College Degree by Race/Ethnicity,
1975-2000
The rate of Latinos with a college degree increased
more modestly over the last quarter-century than
their white and African American counterparts:
• From 9% to 10% among Latinos
• From 11% to 18% among African Americans
• From 23% to 34% among whites
Source: US Census Bureau, 2000
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Chapter 4:
Family
Figure 4.1: Percentage of Youth (ages 15-18) Who
Lived in Two-Parent Households by Race/Ethnicity,
1972-1997
Source: Wirt et al., 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 4.1: Percentage of Youth (ages 1518) Who Lived in Two-Parent Households
by Race/Ethnicity, 1972-1997
The proportion of youth living with both parents
decreased across groups:
• From 77% to 67% among Latinos
• From 62% to 40% among African Americans
• From 88% to 78% among whites
Source: Wirt et al., 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 4.2: Family Structure of Youth (ages 5-17)
by Race/Ethnicity, 2001
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 4.2: Family Structure of Youth (ages
5-17) by Race/Ethnicity, 2001
Latino and white youth are more likely to live with two
parents than African American youth:
• Among Latino youth, 65% lived with two parents,
and over one-quarter (27%) lived with one parent
• Among African American youth, 38% lived with two
parents and over half (51%) lived with one parent
• Among white youth, 76% lived with two parents
and 20% lived with one parent
Source: Wirt et al., 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 4.3: Percentage of 15-18 Year Olds’
Mothers with at least a High School Education by
Race/Ethnicity, 1972-1999
Source: Wirt et al., 1998; Wirt et al., 2001
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 4.3: Percentage of 15-18 Year Olds’
Mothers with at least a High School Education by
Race/Ethnicity, 1972-1999
Since the early 1970s:
• The proportion of teens with more educated
mothers increased across groups
• Latino teens were less likely than white or African
American youth to have mothers with a high school
education
• The proportion of African American teens raised by
more educated mothers increased more rapidly
than that of Latino teens
Source: Wirt et al., 1998; Wirt et al., 2001
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 4.4: Percentage of 15-18 Year Olds’
Fathers with at least a High School Education by
Race/Ethnicity, 1972-1999
Source: Wirt et al., 1998; Wirt et al., 2001
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 4.4: Percentage of 15-18 Year Olds’
Fathers with at least a High School
Education by Race/Ethnicity, 1972-1999
• Since 1972, the mothers and fathers of Latino teens
were very similar in terms of high school education
• Latino teens have consistently been less likely than
white or African American youth to have more
educated fathers
• By 1999, the proportion of African American teens
(85%) raised by high school educated fathers more
closely resembled that of white teens (91%) than
that of Latino teens (51%)
Source: Wirt et al., 1998; Wirt et al., 2001
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 4.5: Percentage of 15-18 Year Olds’
Mothers Who Were Employed, 1972-1997
Source: Wirt et al., 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 4.5: Percentage of 15-18 Year Olds’
Mothers Who Were Employed, 1972-1997
• Since 1972, Latino teens’ mothers were consistently
less likely than those of African American and white
teens to be employed
• Yet, since 1972, Latino mothers have entered the
work force in increasing numbers (from 32% to
56%)
• In 1972, half of African American (51%) and white
(49%) mothers were employed
• By 1999, 68% of African American and 78% of
white mothers were working
Source: Wirt et al., 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 4.6: Percentage of 15-18 Year Olds Born
to a Teen Mother by Race/Ethnicity, 1972-1997
Source: Wirt et al., 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 4.6: Percentage of 15-18 Year Olds
Born to a Teen Mother by Race/Ethnicity,
1972-1997
• Since 1972, the proportion of teens born to a teen
mother rose for all groups, then in 1992, it started
to decline
• Latinos (12% to 16%) and African Americans (17%
to 22%) experienced net increases in the likelihood
of having been born to a teen mother
• By 1997, the proportion of white teens born to a
teen mother declined to its 1972 level (8%)
Source: Wirt et al., 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 4.7: Median Income of Families with 15-18
Year Olds, 1972-1997
Source: Wirt et al., 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 4.7: Median Income of Families with
15-18 Year Olds, 1972-1997
From 1972 to 1997:
• Latino teens’ families were the only to experience a
net decline in median income (from $32,000 to
$29,000)
• African American families’ income decreased slightly
from its 1972 level ($29,000), yet returned to this
level by 1997, matching that of Latino families
• The median income of white teens’ families
increased overall from $52,000 to $55,000
Source: Wirt et al., 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 4.8: Percentage of Youth (ages 15-18)
with 0 or 1 Sibling in the Household, 1972-1997
Source: Wirt et al., 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 4.8: Percentage of Youth (ages 15-18)
with 0 or 1 Sibling in the Household, 1972-1997
From 1972 to 1997:
• Youth from all groups moved towards having 0
or 1 sibling, increasing from:
• 24% to 47% among Latino teens
• 26% to 57% among African American teens
• 43% to 67% among white teens
• Latino teens were consistently less likely to have
fewer (0 or 1) siblings than African American or
white teens
Source: Wirt et al., 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 4.9: Percentage of Youth (ages 15-18) with
4 or more Siblings in the Household, 1972-1997
Source: Wirt et al., 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 4.9: Percentage of Youth (ages 1518) with 4 or more Siblings in the
Household, 1972-1997
From 1972 to 1997, youth from all groups were
less likely to live in households with 4 or more
siblings, decreasing from:
• 37% to 10% among Latino teens
• 39% to 8% among African American teens
• 17% to 4% among white teens
Source: Wirt et al., 1998
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Chapter 5:
Access to Health
Insurance and Health
Care
Figure 5.1: Type of Insurance Coverage by
Race/Ethnicity, 2002
Source: Mills and
Bhandari, 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 5.1: Type of Insurance Coverage by
Race/Ethnicity, 2002
• Latinos are less likely to have employer-based
insurance (42%) than African Americans
(50%) or whites (67%)
• Latinos (20%) are more likely than African
Americans (23%) and less likely than whites
(8%) to be insured by Medicaid
Source: Mills and Bhandari, 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 5.2: Health Insurance Coverage by Race/
Ethnicity, 2002
Source: Mills and
Bhandari, 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 5.2: Health Insurance Coverage by
Race/Ethnicity, 2002
• Latinos are less likely to be insured (68%)
than African Americans (80%) or whites
(89%)
Source: Mills and Bhandari, 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 5.3: Health Insurance Coverage among
Latinos by Place of Birth and National Origin, 1997
Source: Schur and
Feldman, 2001
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 5.3: Health Insurance Coverage
among Latinos by Place of Birth and
National Origin, 1997
• US-born Latinos are more likely to be insured
(76%) than foreign-born Latinos
• Puerto Ricans are more likely to be insured
(81%), than Latinos of Cuban (78%),
Mexican (62%) and Central and South
American (61%) descent
Source: Schur and Feldman, 2001
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 5.4: Usual Source of Health Care by Race/
Ethnicity, 2001
Source: Collins et al., 2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 5.4: Usual Source of Health Care by
Race/Ethnicity, 2001
• A doctor’s office serves as the usual source of care
for 59% of Latinos, 66% of African Americans and
80% of whites
• A community health center is the primary source of
care for 20% of Latinos, 10% of African
Americans, and 7% of whites
• Latinos (14%) are more likely to rely on nothing or
an emergency room as their usual source of care
than African Americans (13%) or whites (6%)
Source: Collins et al., 2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 5.5: Adults with a Regular Doctor by Race/
Ethnicity, 2001
Source: Collins et al., 2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 5.5: Adults with a Regular Doctor by
Race/Ethnicity, 2001
Latino adults (ages 18 and older) are less
likely than African American or white adults
to have a regular doctor:
• 57% of Latinos have a regular doctor
• 70% of African Americans do
• 80% of whites do
Source: Collins et al., 2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 5.6: Adults with a Regular Doctor by
National Origin, 2001
Source: Collins et al., 2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 5.6: Adults with a Regular Doctor by
National Origin, 2001
Among Latino adults (ages 18 and older),
Puerto Ricans are the most likely to have a
regular doctor:
• 71% of Puerto Rican-origin Latinos have a
regular doctor
• 51% of Central American-origin Latinos do
• 50% of Mexican-origin Latinos do
Source: Collins et al., 2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 5.7: Interactions with Doctors by Race/
Ethnicity, 2001
Source: Collins et al., 2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 5.7: Interactions with Doctors by
Race/Ethnicity, 2001
• Latinos (33%) are more likely than African
Americans (23%) and whites (16%) to
report communication problems with their
doctor
• Latinos (57%) are also less likely than
African Americans (69%) and whites (72%)
to report a high level of confidence in their
doctor
Source: Collins et al., 2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 5.8: Uninsured Rates among Youth (ages
10-18) by Race/Ethnicity, 2002
Source: Newacheck et al., 2004
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 5.8: Uninsured Rates among Youth
(ages 10-18) by Race/Ethnicity, 2002
• Latino youth are the most likely to be
uninsured (28%)
• 12% of African American youth are
uninsured
• 8% of White youth are uninsured
Source: Newacheck et al., 2004
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 5.9: Type of Insurance for Insured Youth
(ages 0-17) by Race/Ethnicity, 2001
Source: Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 5.9: Type of Insurance for Insured
Youth (ages 0-17) by Race/Ethnicity, 2001
All groups of youth are more likely to have
private than public insurance
• Latino youth are the least likely to have either
private (44%) or public (37%) insurance
• Among African American youth, 52% have
private and 42% have public insurance
• Among white youth, 80% have private and
19% have public insurance
Source: Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 5.10: Youth (ages 10-19) with No Health
Care Visit in the Last Year by Insurance Status
and Race/Ethnicity, 1997
Source: MaKay et al., 2000
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 5.10: Youth (ages 10-19) with No
Health Care Visit in the Last Year by
Insurance Status and Race/Ethnicity, 1997
• Almost half of uninsured (47%) and one-fifth
(19%) of insured Latino youth did not have a
health care visit in the past year
• Among African American youth, 48% without
insurance and 15% with it did not have a
recent health care visit
• Among white youth, 27% without insurance
and 13% with insurance, did not have a
recent health care visit
Source: MaKay et al., 2000
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 5.11: Sources of Sexual Health Information
for Youth (ages 12-17), 2000
Source: Kaiser Family Foundation, 2001
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 5.11: Sources of Sexual Health
Information for Youth (ages 12-17), 2000
• Teens are most likely to receive sexual health
information from a health class (75%) and parents
(70%)
• Teens receive this information almost as often from
TV (60%) as from a health care provider (62%),
followed by friends (52%) and the internet (28%)
• A large proportion of teens would like to receive
more information from a health care provider (48%),
health class (42%) and parents (33%)
Source: Kaiser Family Foundation, 2001
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 5.12: Internet Access of Young People
(ages 15-25), 2000
Source: Ridout, 2001
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 5.12: Internet Access of Young
People (ages 15-25), 2000
• Latinos (75%) are less likely than African
American (87%) or white (94%) youth to
have gone online
• Latino youth (55%) are also less likely than
African American (66%) or white (80%)
youth to have home internet access
Source: Ridout, 2001
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Chapter 6:
Sexual Behavior,
Pregnancy and Birth
Figure 6.1: Trends in Sexual Experience among
High School Students by Race/ Ethnicity, 1993-2001
Source: CDC, 1995-2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.1: Trends in Sexual Experience
among High School Students by Race/
Ethnicity, 1993-2001
From 1993 to 2001, the proportion of youth who ever had
sex declined for all groups:
• African American youth experienced by far the
largest decline (from 89% to 69% among males and
from 70% to 53% among females)
• The drop in youth who ever had sex was similar for
Latinas (48% to 44%) and white males (49% to
45%) and slightly greater for white females (47% to
41%)
• Latino males experienced a minimal decline (from
64% to 63%)
Source: CDC, 1995-2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.2: Percentage of Youth (ages 15-19)
Who Have Had Sex by Gender and Age, 1995
Source: Abma et al., 1997
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.2: Percentage of Youth (ages 1519) Who Have Had Sex by Gender and
Age, 1995
The proportion of teens who have had sex is
greater among males than females and rises
with age:
• Among 19 year olds, 85% of males and 76%
of females have had sex
• Among 15 year olds, 27% of males and 22%
of females have had sex
Source: Abma et al., 1997
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.3: Percentage of High School Students
Who Had Sex by Age 13 by Race/Ethnicity and
Gender, 2001
Source: CDC, 2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.3: Percentage of High School
Students Who Had Sex by Age 13 by Race/
Ethnicity and Gender, 2001
Sex at very early ages is more common among males than
females:
• 11% of Latino males and 4% of Latinas reported that
they had sex by age 13
• African American males were most likely to have had
sex by age 13 (26%); 8% of African American
females did
• 6% of white males and 3% of white females had sex
by age 13
Source: CDC, 2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.4: Percentage of High School Students
Who Have Had Non-Voluntary Sex by Race/
Ethnicity and Gender, 2001
Source: CDC, 2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.4: Percentage of High School
Students Who Have Had Non-Voluntary
Sex by Race/Ethnicity and Gender, 2001
Females and teens of color report higher levels of forced
sex than male or white teens:
• 6% of Latino males and 12% of Latinas reported
ever having been forced to have sex
• 8% of African American males and 11% of African
American females reported non-voluntary sex
• 4% of white males and 10% of white females
reported non-voluntary sex
Source: CDC, 2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.5: Non-Voluntary Sex among Females by
Age at First Sex and Race/Ethnicity, 1995
Source: Abma et al., 1997
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.5: Non-Voluntary Sex among Females by
Age at First Sex and Race/Ethnicity, 1995
Among those who had sex before the age of 16:
• 18% of Latinas and 15% of African American and
white females reported they were forced to have sex
Between 16-19 years of age:
• 7% of Latina, 6% of African American and 5% of
white females reported they were forced to have sex
After the age of 19:
• 5% of Latinas, 5% African Americans and 3% of
whites
Source: Abma et al., 1997
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.6: Percentage of Sexually Experienced High
School Students Who are Sexually Active by Gender
and Race/Ethnicity, 2001
Source: CDC, 2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.6: Percentage of Sexually Experienced High
School Students Who are Sexually Active by Gender
and Race/Ethnicity, 2001
Among sexually experienced youth:
• Three-fourths of African American males (76%)
and females (74%) were sexually active
• Equal proportions (78%) of Latinas and white
females were sexually active
• 70% of Latino and 66% of white males were
sexually active
Source: CDC, 2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.7: Percentage of High School Students with
≥ 4 Sexual Partners by Race/ Ethnicity, 2001
Source: CDC, 2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.7: Percentage of High School
Students with ≥ 4 Sexual Partners by Race/
Ethnicity, 2001
The proportion of students with multiple partners
varies greatly by race/ethnicity and gender:
• 21% of Latino males and 10% of Latinas report
4 or more partners
• 39% of African American males and 16% of
females report 4 or more partners
• 13% of white males and 11% of females report
4 or more partners
Source: CDC, 2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.8: Sexual Behavior Patterns of Males and
Females Race/Ethnicity, High School Students, 2001
Source: CDC, 2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.8: Sexual Behavior Patterns of Males
and Females Race/Ethnicity, High School
Students, 2001
Among Latinos:
• Males are more likely to have ever had sex and multiple
partners and less likely to be sexually active than Latinas
Among African Americans:
• Males are also more likely to have ever had sex and
multiple partners, yet sexually experienced males and
females are equally likely to be sexually active
Among whites:
• Males and females are equally likely to have ever had sex
or multiple partners, yet sexually experienced females are
more likely than males to be sexually active
Source: CDC, 2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.9: Condom Use at Last Sex by Race/
Ethnicity and Gender, High School Students, 19932001
Source: CDC, 1995-2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.9: Condom Use at Last Sex by
Race/Ethnicity and Gender, High School
Students, 1993-2001
From 1993 to 2001, condom use was highest among African
American males and lowest among Latinas, yet condom
use increased across all groups from:
• 37% to 48% among Latinas
• 55% to 59% among Latino males
• 48% to 61% among African American females
• 64% to 73% among African American males
• 48% to 51% among white females
• 58% to 64% among white males
Source: CDC, 1995-2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.10: Trends in Pill Use at Last Sex by Race/
Ethnicity and Gender, High School Students, 19932001
Source: CDC, 1995-2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.10: Trends in Pill Use at Last Sex by
Race/Ethnicity and Gender, High School
Students, 1993-2001
From 1993 to 2001 pill use among HS students:
• Declined among Latino males (from 10% to 9%)
and females (from 15% to 10%)
• Declined among African American males (from
10% to 8%) and females (from 21% to 8%)
• Increased among white males (from 17% to
19%) and females (from 24% to 27%)
Source: CDC, 1995-2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.11: Use of Alcohol & Other Drugs at Last
Sex by Race/Ethnicity and Gender, High School
Students, 2001
Source: CDC, 2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.11: Use of Alcohol & Other Drugs at
Last Sex by Race/Ethnicity and Gender, High
School Students, 2001
Males and whites are more likely than females and
students of color to have used a substance at last
sex:
• 26% of Latino males and 22% of females used a
substance at last sex
• 24% of African American males and 10% of
females used a substance at last sex
• 34% of white males and 23% of females used a
substance at last sex
Source: CDC, 2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.12: Trends in Pregnancy Rates (ages 1519) by Race/Ethnicity, 1990-1999
Source: Ventura et al., 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.12: Trends in Pregnancy Rates*
(ages 15-19) by Race/Ethnicity, 1990-1999
During the 1990s, pregnancy rates decreased
among all teens, from:
• 156 to 133 pregnancies per 1,000 Latina
teens
• 221 to 154 pregnancies per 1,000 African
American teens
• 87 to 60 pregnancies per 1,000 white teens
Source: Ventura et al., 2003
*pregnancies per 1,000 females
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.13: Pregnancy Rates among Sexually
Experienced and Sexually Active Females (ages 1519) by Race/Ethnicity, 1995
Source: Ventura et al., 2000
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.13: Pregnancy Rates among Sexually
Experienced and Sexually Active Females (ages
15-19) by Race/Ethnicity, 1995
Among teens who ever had sex there were:
• 291 pregnancies per 1,000 Latina teens
• 305 pregnancies/1,000 African American teen females
• 142 pregnancies/1,000 white teen females
Among sexually experienced teens there were:
• 314 pregnancies per 1,000 Latina teens
• 326 per 1,000 African American teen females
• 156 per 1,000 white teen females
Source: Ventura et al., 2000
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.14: Abortion Ratios (ages 15-19) by Race/
Ethnicity, 1990-1999
Source: Ventura et al., 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.14: Abortion Ratios* (ages 15-19)
by Race/Ethnicity, 1990-1999
From 1990 to 1999, the proportion of teen
pregnancies that resulted in abortions:
• Barely declined among Latinas (from 25 to 24
abortions) and African American (from 38 to
37 abortions) females
• Decreased significantly among white females
(from 37 to 26 abortions)
Source: Ventura et al., 2003
* Abortions per 1,000 pregnancies
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.15: Abortion Rates (ages 15-19) by Race/
Ethnicity, 1990-1999
Source: Ventura et al., 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.15: Abortion Rates (ages 15-19)
by Race/Ethnicity, 1990-1999
From 1990 to 1999, the number of
abortions per 1,000 teens declined:
• From 39 to 32 abortions among Latinas
• From 84 to 58 abortions among African
American females
• From 32to 16 abortions among white
females
Source: Ventura et al., 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.16: Birth Rates (ages 15-19) by Race/
Ethnicity, 1990-2001
Source: Ventura, Matthews & Hamilton et al., 2001; Martin et al., 2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.16: Birth Rates* (ages 15-19) by
Race/Ethnicity, 1990-2001
From 1990 to 2001, teen birth rates declined
for all groups:
• For Latinas, the decline was small (from 100
to 92 births)
• The largest decline was found among African
American females (from 113 to 73 births)
• White teens, having the lowest teen birth rate
of all groups, demonstrated a modest decline
(from 43 to 30 births) as well
Source: Ventura, Matthews & Hamilton et al., 2001; Martin et al., 2002
*Births per 1,000 females
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.17: Birth Rates (Ages 15-17) by Race/
Ethnicity, 1990-2001
Source: Ventura, Matthews & Hamilton et al., 2001; Martin et al., 2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 6.18: Birth Rates (ages 18-19) by Race/
Ethnicity, 1990-2001
Source: Ventura, Matthews & Hamilton et al., 2001; Martin et al., 2002
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figures 6.17 and 6.18: Birth Rates* by Age
Group and Race/Ethnicity, 1990-2001
There is a marked difference in the birth rates
of younger and older teens of all groups:
• Among younger teens, birth rates declined
14% among Latinas, 46% for African
American teens and 39% for whites
• Among older teens, the Latina birth rate fell
by 3%, the African American rate fell by 26%
and rates among whites declined by 20%
Source: Ventura, Matthews & Hamilton et al., 2001; Martin et al., 2002
*Births per 1,000 females
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Chapter 7:
STIs and HIV/AIDS
Figure 7.1: Chlamydia Rates (ages 15-19) by
Race/Ethnicity and Gender, 2002
Source: CDC, 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 7.1: Chlamydia Rates* (ages 15-19)
by Race/Ethnicity and Gender, 2002
Female teens of all race/ethnicities have higher
chlamydia rates than their male counterparts:
• 2,843 per 100,000 Latinas were diagnosed with
chlamydia vs. 469 per 100,000 Latino males
• African American youth have the highest rates
of all groups (8,489 per 100,000 females and
1,652 for males)
• White youth have the lowest rates (1,318 for
females and 135 for males)
Source: CDC, 2003
*Chlamydia infections per 100,000 teens
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 7.2: Gonorrhea Rates (ages 15-19) by Race/
Ethnicity and Gender, 2002
Source: CDC, 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 7.2: Gonorrhea Rates* (ages 15-19)
by Race/Ethnicity and Gender, 2002
Gonorrhea rates of Latino teens are closer to those of
whites than African American teens:
• 317 per 100,000 Latinas were diagnosed with
gonorrhea, compared to 125 per 100,000 Latino
males
• African American youth have the highest rates of all
groups (3,308 per 100,000 females and 1,680 for
males)
• White youth have the lowest rates (196 for females
and 38 for males)
Source: CDC, 2003
*Gonorrhea infections per 100,000 teens
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 7.3: Syphilis Rates (ages 15-19) by Race/
Ethnicity and Gender, 2002
Source: CDC, 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 7.3: Syphilis Rates* (ages 15-19) by
Race/Ethnicity and Gender, 2002
Latino teen syphilis rates fall between African
American and white teen rates:
• 1.7 per 100,000 Latinas and 2.2 per 100,000
Latino males were diagnosed with syphilis
• African American youth have the highest rates
of all groups (11.3 per 100,000 females and 6.0
for males)
• White youth have the lowest rates (0.4 for
females and 0.1 for males)
Source: CDC, 2003
*Syphilis infections per 100,000 teens
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 7.4: AIDS Cases among Latinos by Place
of Birth, 2001
Source: Kaiser Family Foundation, 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 7.4: AIDS Cases among Latinos by
Place of Birth, 2001
• Latinos account for 14% of the US population,
yet 20% of all new AIDS cases
• Among Latinos, men account for the vast
majority (81%) of cumulative AIDS cases
• Of the Latino AIDS cases reported in 2001, the
majority were among people born in the US
(43%) or Puerto Rico (22%), followed by
Mexico (14%), Other (12%), Central and South
America (7%), and Cuba (2%)
Source: Kaiser Family Foundation, 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 7.5: New AIDS Cases among 13-19 Year
Olds by Race/Ethnicity, 2001
Source: Kaiser Family Foundation, 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 7.5: New AIDS Cases among 13-19
Year Olds by Race/Ethnicity, 2001
Over half of all new HIV infections are estimated
to occur among those under the age of 25 and
disproportionately affect youth of color:
• Latino youth account for 21% of new AIDS
cases, yet 15% of the US youth population
• African American youth account for 61% of new
AIDS cases
• White youth account for 18% of new AIDS
cases
Source: Kaiser Family Foundation, 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 7.6: Estimated AIDS Cases among Latino
Males by Exposure Category, 2001
Source: Kaiser Family Foundation, 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 7.7: Estimated AIDS Cases among Latinas by
Exposure Category, 2001
Source: Kaiser Family Foundation, 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figures 7.6 and 7.7: Estimated AIDS Cases
among Latinos by Exposure Category, 2001
• Sex with an HIV-infected male is the most
common route of HIV infection for both
Latino men (48%) and women (65%)
• IV drug use is the second most common
route of infection (29% for males and
32% for females)
• 16% of Latino males become infected by
having sex with an HIV-infected woman
Source: Kaiser Family Foundation, 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 7.8: Reasons for Postponing Care among
People with HIV/AIDS, by Race/ Ethnicity, 1996
Source: Kaiser Family Foundation, 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy
Figure 7.8: Reasons for Postponing Care
among People with HIV/AIDS, by Race/
Ethnicity, 1996
• Competing needs is the primary reason why
Latinos (41%), African Americans (40%) and
whites (32%) postpone care
• One-fifth of Latinos and African-Americans
report that being too sick (20% and 19%) and
lack of transportation (19% and 20%) are
barriers to care
• Among whites, 14% report they are too sick to
get care and 11% report lack of transportation
Source: Kaiser Family Foundation, 2003
UCSF’s Center for Reproductive Health Research & Policy