Colonial American Institutions & Competition for economic gain

Indian & African Slavery Resistance & Reservations

Study Guide Questions

• What was England’s economic policy in the colonies and how did it influence colonial socio-economic development?

• What characterized the colonial labor force during the 1600’s?

• What factors led to the development of racial slavery?

• What were the twin legacies of slavery?

Study Guide: Identifications

• Mercantilism Bacon’s Rebellion • Virginia Company of London • New Joint Stock Company • Head Right’s System • Racism femme covertures • Indentured servants • Navigation Acts freedom dues • Cycle of wealth anti-miscegenation

English Society: Chesapeake

• Mercantilism: – Economic model that guided Europe’s expansion for 200 years – Doctrine of regulation of the economy to ensure the balance of exports over imports – Increase the amount of cold and silver in the Mother Nation’s treasury – Colonies supplied raw materials to England – Supplied the market for England to export manufactured goods

Virginia Company of London

• 1606 King James I granted a charter to elite Englishmen as members of the new joint stock company.

– Business in which capital is held in transferable shares of stock by joint owners – Allowed investors to share and spread the risks of oversea investments – Proceeds of sale of stock, used to send poor and unemployed as indentured servants

Reform and Tobacco Boom

• The Contact period had threatened to Bankrupt the Virginia company – Reforms to salvage investment: • Head right system to attract settlers – 100 acres to families already settled – 50 acres to new settlers who paid the passage of other immigrants • Allowed planters to elect a representative assembly, – House of Burgesses, the governor and advisory council made laws for the colony

Patriarchal Order

• English Culture – Political, Economic, Religious, Social order • Patriarchal & Hierarchical • Subordination & Obedience of gender & class – Femme Covertures • Patriarchy – Model for Religious order – Model for Social order – Model for Family order • By 1800 only 20% of men were patriarchs • The remainder were servants, slaves or dependents of some kind

Rise of Jamestown Colony

• Rolf – rise of tobacco as cash crop – Required labor force – Depleted soil 5-7 years – thirst for more land

Tobacco – Jamestown, VA

• Indentured Servants – 4-5 year term – Pay for passage, bed & board, modest freedoms • First African Slaves in the English Colonies – 1619 - Dutch ship – John Rolf Purchased 20 slaves

Early African Status

• Status ambiguous for several decades • Creoles - Multi-lingual and multi-cultural • Some were treated as servants and were released after several years • Re-produced and married with “whites” • 1660s about 30% of African people free – Anthony Johnson owned Africans himself.

Indentured Servants

• 1620s: 130,000 – 150,000 free and unfree laborers poured in • Sex ration 1 woman: 6 men • Ages 15 – 24 • ¾ of all immigrants – indentured • 40% did not survive contract: – Malnutrition, overwork, abuse and exploitation, vulnerability to disease

Charter to Royal Colony

• King James I, following investigation into conditions, dissolved the company – Established Virginia as a Royal Colony, 1624 • Charles II – Expected colonies to contribute more to England’s prosperity • Navigation Acts on 1660s and 1670s – Restricted colonial trade with Britain’s rivals – Only England would benefit from colonial production and trade – Worsened economic crisis of deflated tobacco prices due to overproduction

Colonies & England Cycle of Wealth

• B y 1790 England – Super Power – Labor of Africans – Raw materials of colonies – Consumerism of colonies – Britain’s Manufacture goods • Policy of Mercantilism – Compete with France & Holland – Gain favorable balance of trade (exports exceed imports) • Navigation Acts of 1651 – All trade in empire had to be conducted in English or colonial ships with ½ the crew from those origins – Ended Dutch dominance in England’s over seas trade • Enumerated products – Certain colonial goods could be shipped only to England or its colonies – Tobacco, Indigo, sugar, cotton, rice – Taxed colonists to encourage them to purchase manufacture/refined products of England

Economic Crisis

• Export duties on tobacco under the navigation act, plunged small planters into debt • Some forced back into indenture • House of Burgesses lengthened terms of indenture • Curbed political right of landless men • ¼ of free white men were landless

Economic Factors

• Consequences of hierarchical, patriarchal, stratified and development of racist society – Disparity of wealth – Class struggle – Social, political and economic conflict – Rebellion and revolt

1600s - 1730s

• Impoverished majority under class – “The Wandering Poor” – Containment of poor in “poor houses” • Rebellion & Riots frequent • Social movements that attempted to impact social and economic disparity – Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676 – Regulators – Diggers – Levelers

Rebellion

• Whites involved with slave resistance – 1663 indentured white servants & blacks • Gloucester County, VA.

– Conspiracy to rebel and gain freedom » Plan betrayed, executed – Virginia Colony, 1676, Bacon’s Rebellion 80 “Negroes” and 20 English Servants – New York 1741 blacks and whites accused of conspiracy and setting fires in a winter of hunger and suffering • 2 white women, 2 white men executed, 18 slaves hung, 13 more burned alive

Fear of cooperation

• Whites & blacks commonly – Ran away together – Stole hogs together – Drank together – Newspaper notices (VA.) warned “ill disposed” whites about harboring fugitives – Cooperated in crimes together • Resisted their often similar conditions together

Development of racial slavery

• Indentured blacks and Indians not assumed to be slaves – Between 1640-1660 laws began differentiating between blacks and Indians being enslaved for life – “whites” being provided freedom and

freedom dues

Servitude to Slavery

• Virginia planters preferred white servants • 1675 black population 5% • Africans were expensive, similar life span of whites • Whites cheaper investment – Through the 1600s, conditions of black, white, indigenous servants and slaves were similar – Rebellions were multi racial

Conditions that led to slavery

• • Death rates began to drop – Enslavement became more profitable

Availability of whites decreased

– Wages rose by 50% in England 1650 – 1700 • Lost incentive to move from England 1680 – Delaware & English Navy absorbing would be indentured whites

1760s

• Elite response to social and economic unrest – Concessions to a minority of “citizens” • Virginia promised every ex servant 50 acres of land – ensured development of a racial caste system – Creation of White Buffer • Freedom dues • Vote • Lowered taxes on small planters – Elaboration of the Criminal system • Targeted non white male populations

Rise of Racial Slavery

• Royal African Company lost its monopoly on the African Slave trade in 1698 – More Africans available – 20,000 Africans being sold by English dealers annually • African Slaves – Cost more – Served for life – Could be treated more ruthlessly than indentured whites

African Slavery –

• 1450 – Portuguese Slave Factories – Madeira Islands, Azores, Cape Verde, Sao Tome • West & Central Africa – Malian Empire in decline by 1550 – 200 warring states • Agricultural population, skilled craftsmen • Acquired by Portuguese raiding villages, later through African warring

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European Chattel Slavery

• Endless toil to produce staple crops • Inherited position • Chattel conditions • Inhumane status, rape & torture – Rulers of the Congo & Christian Kingdom of Benin – tried to end cruelty of European enslavement • became victims when they began to protest the trade

African Trans Atlantic Slave Trade

• 1492 – 1820 African migrants outnumbered Europeans 5:1 – 1600s: 1,000s/year – 1700s: 19 – 20,0000/year – 1800s: 60,000/year • 1700 – 1850 21 million captured in west Africa • 9 million made it alive, another 25% died following arrival – Dahomey, Ashante, Oyo, Benin, Kono, Mbundu, Angola – Mozambique & Madagascar

Slavery in the Chesapeake

• By 1740, 40% of Virginians were black • New legislation: – Prohibited black settlers from having white servants – Outlawed interracial marriage ( anti miscegenation laws ) & sexual relationships – Protections afforded white servants that were not afforded black servants • Whipping on bare backs

Racism

• Racism encouraged on all levels – Discrimination based on inherited physical differences, which according to racist thought separated humans into a few distinct and unequal groups or races

Legal Racial Slavery

– 1660 slavery regulated – Maryland 1661 constitutional – Virginia 1670 constitutional • Virginia by 1705 had strict legal codes

Summary of Colonial Development

• Racial caste system established – Race constructed, instituted, and constituted to subordinated African Americans • System developed to deny political, economic, social access – Illiteracy instituted • Created dependents • System of coercion (violence instituted) – Violence, threat of violence, terrorism – Task system and “drivers” – Gang system by 1850’s developed in deep south

Rice – Carolina’s

• African Slavery replaced Indian Slavery – By 1715 Carolinian traders enslaved 50,000 indigenous peoples, depopulated Spanish Florida • 1690s - Rice triggered a sharp growth in African slavery – 1700 more than 40% of the population of 5,700 were African or Indian slaves engaged in a variety of activities.

– 1730 70% of population of 10,000 were African

Institutionalized, Constitutional-ized

• Slave Patrols – First policing institutions • Anti-miscegenation laws – 1630, Virginia a white man was whipped for “defiling” himself by sleeping with a black woman – 1639 all men were ordered to get arms and ammunition except blacks (fight Indians?) – 1640 a black woman whipped for having a child of a white man • Virginias ruling class proclaimed white superiority, – 1705 passed a law that required masters to provide white servants with 10 bushels of corn, 30 shillings, a gun, and newly freed servants got 50 acres of land. • Fundamentally changed their status and conditions and separated them from those conditions and status of whites.

• 1705 VA code provided the dismemberment • 1723 Maryland – cut of the ears of blacks who struck whites • serious crimes would end in the hanging, quartering and exposing of the remains Measures were taken by the elite to ensure this would not continue.

13 Colonies, 1660-88

• Established land owning societies – Attracted settlers • Land • Guarantees of civil and political liberties • Toleration for Christians – Governments • land owners would propose all laws • a class of lowly whites, live on small tracts of land and serve the great land lords • accepted slavery • Join church or lose citizenship • Every freeman would have absolute power and authority over enslaved Africans & non whites

Puritans

• Families – 6-10 children reached maturity and 1 in 5 reached 80 yrs • Severe religious conviction & desire for more land led to dissent & new colonies in CT and RI • Rejected slavery because – did not want outsiders to contaminate their religion – Wanted land – Attempted Genocide Failed, Reservation System established

Focus Questions

• What factors created conflict between various European groups and Indigenous Nations?

• Out of Imperial Rivalry, which Empire triumphed? • How did Indigenous peoples respond to imperial rivalry and conflict?

Identifications

• King Phillips War • Colonial Wars • French Indian War • Neolin • Pontiac’s War • Biological warfare • Paris Treaty • Proclamation Line

King Philips War 1675

• Massasoit's’ son, Metacom or King Phillip resisted reservations & expansion – Ploy to take more land – 14 reservations consolidated to 7 • Organized the Wampanoag, Nipmuck, Abnaki, Massachusetts and others to resist expansion – General Court declared war in 1675 – annihilation of the Narragansett Indians in 1676 ended hostilities

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Indian Resistance & Colonial Alliances

• Indian Resistance to European Expansion – Old enemies forged new alliances • Tribes sided with colonial powers who they perceived to act in their best interests – Colonial powers competed for control of the fur trade and territory

Colonial Wars – Fur Trade

• King Williams War (1689-1697) – Iroquois traders allied with the English against French & allied tribes • to expand fur trade into French/allied territories. • English challenge to French presence and expansion • 1704, the British settlement of Deerfield, Massachusetts, was attacked by French and Indian forces – About fifty-five people dead – settlement burned to the ground.

» The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) only postponed further confrontations.

Queen Anne’s War 1707-1713 – Deerfield Massachusetts.

British French & Spanish Compete over fur trade

Tuscarora & Yamasee suffered most Carolina Slavers enslaved 4,000 women & Children, drove 9,000 from their homes

Colonial Wars – Fur & Land

• King George’s War (1739-1748) • French & English over fur • Farmers & Abnaki over land – Abnaki retaliated against encroachment of farmers onto lands of Maine, Mass, and New Hampshire – Captain John Lowell • 1724 - 87 colonial militia and killed and scalped ten Indians being paid a bounty for each scalp. – Continued retaliations & conflicts fueled racial hatred and tensions on both sides.

7 years or French Indian War 1754-1763

• European expansion – Speculators; Invest and sell to eager farmers at higher prices.

– Colonial and crown government bodies encouraged expansion as a way to challenge the French and several sovereign Indian nations.

– Many Iroquois joined with England – many more joined with France • The Abnaki, Caughnawagas, Choctaws, Muscogee, Delaware's, Shawnees, Miami's, Wyandot, Ottawa's, Anishinaabe

The Cherokee War 1760-61

• Cherokee Containment – In 1759, British completed triumph over France – Cherokee returning from service for the English • Militia scalped Cherokee for bounty • Cherokee drove the frontier back 100 miles • Soldiers laid waist to Cherokee towns.

Paris Treaty

• French and Cherokee defeated in 1762 • Spain entered the war • In 1763, the peace of Paris ended the war. – France surrendered to Great Britain all of north America east of Mississippi except new Orleans – France gave Spain all of Louisiana west of miss and new Orleans. – English Victorious – Indians planning war of liberation • Commander Amherst announced a plan to punish the Indians who sided with the French • Ended aid and trade and refused to provide arms

Proclamation Line 1763

• Established Britain’s King set up governments in Canada, Florida and other conquered colonies, and it honored wartime commitments to the western Indians. – tried to regulate the pace of western settlement by laying the prohibiting new settlement west of the Appalachian watershed. • No settlements were to be established there unless Britain first purchased the land by treaty from the Indians. Settlers would be encouraged to move elsewhere in the New England territories and colonies. • Prohibited expansion of colonists across the Appalachians unless Britain purchased land by treaty

Eastern Tribes and English

• Iroquois and nations of the east felt threatened • General Amherst cut back on gifts to punish them for supporting the French – Contempt for Indian customs deprived government of leverage with Indians • Nations ability to unite greater than ever

Neolin's Vision

• 1761 a Delaware profit, Neolin, reported a vision in which the master of life commanded them to return to ancestral ways & End to dependence on foreign goods – Throw off white independence – Stand against expansion – Reached many tribes

Pontiac & Proclamation Line

• Chief Pontiac – Ottawa – Launched a stand against British – End internal feuds, prohibition, end use of “white” goods, drive whites from the lands

Pontiacs Military Alliances

• Wyandot, Ottawa, Delaware, Seneca, Shawnees, Miami's, Potawatomi, Sacs, Foxes, Ashinaabes and others sent war belts to one another encouraging all native people to force the English from their lands,

Pontiac’s rebellion

• Attacked 10 of 13 forts of the English • Amherst distributed small pox infected blankets to the western nations – Lethal epidemics of 1763 & 1764 forced peace – British assumed role of keeping political peace • Hatred of Indians led to white belief of total extermination

Biological Warfare

• English General, Amherst – response to military efforts of first nations – Distributed small pox infected blankets among the western nation touching off a lethal epidemic in 1763 and 64. – The epidemic forced peace and the British assumed the role of keeping political peace.

Racial Caste

• Racism began to firmly plant itself in the colonies • Racism against Indians from bottom up – Indians took root among ordinary settlers who competed for the same resources, especially land, and who bore the brunt of Indian resistance.

• Racism against enslaved Africans top down – Enforced by law – Men in the process of becoming great planters used their power in the legislature to criminalize relationships & marriage between whites & Blacks – Rewarded small planters and servants with white supremacy.

Twin Legacies

• Social and economic inferiority conferred on non-whites • cultural racism instilled in “white’s” • taking land from and destroying indigenous peoples • enslavement to work the land – Dynamic interplay between slavery as a socioeconomic system and racism as an idea system • Social and economic inferiority conferred on non-whites • cultural racism instilled in “white’s” • Process if forgetting and dehumanizing Africa – Inherited idea that it is appropriate and natural for whites to be on top, in general for people to accept unequal relationships of power – Critical responsibility to consider racism in America, its cause and justifications and continuing impact

Foreign Policy

• Foreign Policy and the impact of Slavery: – 1900 Haiti revolted against France • Washington admin gave money to planters to repress rebellion • Jefferson gave France go ahead to re-enslave • • Franklin Pierce – Ostend manifesto

Slavery prompted United States to have imperialistic designs on Latin America, rather than visions of democratic liberation for the region.

. – Slavery society requires secure borders • police state 1787-1855 U.S. Territorial expansion due in large part to slaves influence – expand slavery and prevent escape into Indian territory (FL)