Transcript Quantum Loop Gravity

E-bombs, Gravity and
Particle Accelerators
Nature of Code / ITP
October 2, 2006
Michael Ang, Heather Dewey-Hagborg,
Chris Kucinski, Jadie Oh, Roy Vanegas
Electronic Warfare
Electronic Warfare
• “…is the use of the electromagnetic spectrum
to deny its use by an adversary.” wikipedia.org
Electronic Warfare
• “…is the use of the electromagnetic spectrum
to deny its use by an adversary.” wikipedia.org
• Employs technology to interfere or jam an
adversary’s communications system
Electromagnetic Bombs,
or E-Bombs
Electromagnetic Bombs,
or E-Bombs
• A form of electronic warfare
Electromagnetic Bombs,
or E-Bombs
• A form of electronic warfare
• Employs electromagnetic force, one of the
four fundamental forces
The Vircator
• Virtual Cathode Oscillator
The Vircator
• Virtual Cathode Oscillator
• Most popular of the various HPM, or highpowered microwave, devices
The Vircator
• Virtual Cathode Oscillator
• Most popular of the various HPM, or highpowered microwave, devices
• Vacuum tube
The Vircator Deployed in a
Bomb
• Wide “lethal” range
The Vircator Deployed in a
Bomb
• Wide “lethal” range
• Its electromagnetic pulse can be generated
without the need for a nuclear explosion
The Vircator Deployed in a
Bomb
• Has the ability to render useless any
electronic equipment exposed to its pulse
Defending Against The Vircator
And Other HPM Devices
• The Faraday cage
Defending Against The Vircator
And Other HPM Devices
• The Faraday cage
• Prevents the electromagnetic field from
gaining access to protected equipment
Vulnerability of The Faraday
Cage
• Protected equipment must be linked with the
outside world: data and power
Vulnerability of The Faraday
Cage
• Protected equipment must be linked with the
outside world: data and power
• Data: fiber optics; power: ongoing problem
Gravity
Newtonian Gravity
Gravitational Attraction of the Earth
• Object with weight fall down to the Earth
• Reason for the existence of the Earth, the Sun,
and other celestial bodies
• Responsible for keeping the orbits for planets
Newton’s Law of Gravitation
• F = the magnitude of the gravitational force
between the two point masses
• G = the gravitational constant
• m1 = the mass of the first point mass
• m2 = the mass of the second point mass
• r = the distance between the two point masses
Object Falling Down
• The closer the
object is to the
Earth, the stronger
the gravity is.
An example of a sports using gravity and acceleration
Problems with Newtonian gravity
• Describes gravity as an instantaneous force
(violates speed of light)
• Difference between predicted behaviour and
experimental observation of precession of
Mercury’s orbit
General Relativity
• Published by Einstein in 1915
• Gravitation is not a force but curvature of
spacetime
Spacetime
• Matter determines how space curves
• Curved space determines how matter
moves.
Spacetime
• 4-dimensional combination of 3D space +
time
• Curvature produced by mass, energy and
momentum
• Can’t think of time as independent from
space and motion
Some predicted effects
• Gravitational time dilation
– Time runs slower in a deep gravity well
– Confirmed by experiment
• Gravitational lensing
– Light bends in gravity well
More predicted effects
• Expansion of the universe
– Einstein didn’t believe,added “cosmological
constant” fudge factor (similar to previous
factors added to Newtonian gravity)
– Later confirmed by Edwin Hubble!
• Black Holes
- Einstein didn’t believe in them
Status
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Passes experimental tests given to it
More advanced tests in progress
Black holes still feel problematic
Doesn’t talk about quantum effects
Best so far but there will be better!
Loop Quantum Gravity
Quantum Mechanics
• Study of the very
small
• Matter and energy
quantized
• Discrete packets –
“quanta”
The Problem
• Nothing about the
structure of matter
• Nothing about how
gravity is generated
• Global not local
• Black holes, the big
bang
Loop Quantum Gravity
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Attempts to reconciles QM, GR
Alternative to string theory
Quantum space is granular, 10-35 meters
Spacetime links connecting these chunks
Loops
• Links form braided
loops
• Loops are elementary
particles
Twists determine charge
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Each twist 1/3 electron charge
Clockwise negative
Counter-clockwise positive
Electron 3 clockwise twists
Positron complement
The Universe
• Turbulent, fluctuates
10-44 seconds
• A giant quantum
computer
• The chunks are qubits
• Qubits preserve
braids
Space does not exist
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Space is a web of information
Humans are mere tangles
No fundamental building blocks
Matter emerges as network of
relationships
• Loops not in space, loops are space
• Requires new quantum theory without
background
Particle Ac c e l
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o
Generally relate to the weak and strong nuclear and
electromagnetic interactions.
1. Generate and accelerate sub-atomic particles close
(>99.99999%) to the speed of light
2. Smash them into fixed targets or other particles to generate
significant energy densities
3. Gather data about which particles were generated
4. Optional - repeat experiment, shooting G.I. Joe’s with particles
r
Interactions table
particlesaksdfjhalsd
Types of Accelerators
Argonne National Laboratory, near Chicago, Illinois
Linac, Cyclotron, Storage Ring, and Experiment Halls
Hydrogen Bubble Chamber
LEP at CERN
OPAL Calorimeter
DELPHI TPC
Muon Detector
Experiment Conditions
• Gravity acting on experiments
– Times of day
– Seasons
– Times of day #2
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Mass in volts!
– E=mc2
• an electron and a positron, each with a mass of 0.511 MeV/c2, can annihilate
to yield 1.022 MeV of energy.
• 1 GeV/c2 = 1.783×1027 kg
Concrete
– 0.2mm change
Electricity
– Advanced Photon Source at Argonne requires ~18 megawatts of electrical power
Experiment Findings
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The energy density attained at LEP corresponds to a temperature of one trillion
degrees, 1015K
– Universe took only a tenth of a billionth of a second, 1010s, to "cool" to this
temperature
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Evolution of the Universe since 1043 seconds after it began
– Particles of matter and antimatter
• Existed in equal amounts
• Constantly annihilating to produce radiation and being recreated from that
radiation.
• Universe was opaque
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All the fixin’s for a Blackhole
– Not possible due to Hawking Radiation (??)
– Cosmic Rays
Serious Names
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Cyclotron
Synchrotron
Synchrocyclotron
Betatron
Bevatron
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Microtron
Advanced Photon Source
Spallation Neutron Source
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
Super Photon Ring
1940 University of Illinois accelerator naming contest entries:
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Inductron
Rheotron
Ausserordentlichhochgeschwindigkeitelektronenentwickelndenschwerarbeitsbeigollitron
(German for "extraordinarily high-speed electron generator, hard work by golly-tron”)
Bevatron
E-bombs, Gravity and
Particle Accelerators
Q&A
References – E-Bomb
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http://science.howstuffworks.com/e-bomb1.htm
http://www.globalsecurity.org
http://www.wikipedia.org
http://www.answers.com
http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/funfor.html
• The Economist, 30 January 2003
• The Electrical Nature of Storms, Donald MacGorman
and W David Rust
Names – Loop Quantum Gravity
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Abhay Ashtekar http://cgpg.gravity.psu.edu
Lee Smolin http://www.qgravity.org/
Carlo Rovelli http://www.cpt.univ-mrs.fr/~rovelli/
Sundance Bilson-Thompson
Fotini Markopoulou
David Kribs http://www.uoguelph.ca/~dkribs/
References – Particle Accelator
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http://particleadventure.org/particleadventure/index.html
http://keyhole.web.cern.ch/keyhole//main/Main_Screen.html
http://www-elsa.physik.uni-bonn.de/accelerator_list.html
http://www.aps.anl.gov/About/APS_Overview/index.html
http://pdg.lbl.gov/fireworks/intro_eng.swf
http://www.cerncourier.com/main/article/44/9/22
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http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/funfor.html
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Electron_Positron
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeV
E-bombs, Gravity and
Particle Accelerators
Nature of Code / ITP
October 2, 2006
Michael Ang, Heather Dewey-Hagborg,
Chris Kucinski, Jadie Oh, Roy Vanegas