Transcript Folie 1 - TFEIP Secretariat

Some Experiences and results from EMEP-IntensiveMeasuring-Campaigns at Melpitz site (German lowlands, Saxony)
Summer 2006 and Winter 2007 –
Planned possible measurements for 2008 and 2009
G. Spindler1, L. Poulain1, E. Brüggemann1, T. Gnauk1, A. Grüner1, K. Müller1,
Th.M.Tuch3, M.Wallasch2, B. Wehner1, A. Wiedensohler1, H. Herrmann1
1Leibniz-Institute
for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
3Umweltbundesamt, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau, Germany
2UFZ
National contributions to EMEP Database
EMEP/TFMM workshop: specification of the
next intensive measurement campaign and
future plans related to the EMEP monitoring
strategy, Dublin 23rd October 2007
measuring field
Klitzschen
(village)
N
Melpitz
(village)
Fotos: Bange
September 2001
TU-Braunschweig
View from aircraft to the rural Melpitz site
90
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2
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400
2
y = 0.04x - 1.61x + 38.91 y = 0.04x - 1.76x + 45.25
R2 = 0.49 n=14
R2 = 0.90 n=14
500
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0
1000
precipitation sum [mm]
0
su
m
w me
in r 9
te
r 3
su 93/
m 94
w me
in r 9
te
r 4
su 94/
m 95
w me
in r 9
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r 5
su 95/
m 96
w me
in r 9
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m 97
w me
in r
te 97
r
su 97/
m 98
w me
in r
te 98
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su 98/
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w me
in r
te 99
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su 99/
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w me
in r
te 00
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su 00/
m 01
w me
in r
te 01
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su 01/
m 02
w me
in r
te 02
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su 02/
m 03
w me
in r 0
te
r 3
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m 04
w me
in r 0
te
r 4
su 04/
m 05
w me
in r 0
te
r0 5
su 5/0
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w me
in
te r06
r0
6/
07
mass concentration PM10 [µg/m³]
100
PM10 (winter)
PM10 (summer)
Polynomisch (PM10 (summer))
Polynomisch (PM10 (winter))
precipitation sum
Three years
of intensive
investigation
Evolution of half-hourly PM10-mass concentration and precipitation in winter
(November until April) and summer (May until October) at Melpitz site
in the least 14 years. The half yearly precipitation sum is plotted as inverse.
maritime
air masses
continental air masses
Melpitz
Location of the IfT research site in the state of Saxony (Germany)
(12°56‘ E, 51°32‘ N, Altitude 86 m above see level)
n=87
PM1
n=16
PM1
mass
(unidentified)
SO42-
winter 04/05, 05/06, 06/07
n=300
PM2.5
winter 04/05, 05/06, 06/07
n=84
PM2.5
NO3-
n=312
n=83
PM10
PM10
NH4+
n=85
n=22
organic carbon
PM1
PM1
elemental carbon
n=315
PM2.5
n=107
n=324
PM10
n=10
7
PM10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
mass concentration [µg/m³]
summer 04, 05, 06
PM2.5
summer 04, 05, 06
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50
55
60
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
mass concentration [µg/m³]
Mean PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentrations, the concentrations of the
main ions (nitrate, sulfate and ammonium) and organic and elemental carbon
content (OC and EC) in winter and summer. Only days with air mass transport
explicitly from West (blue frame) or from East (green frame) are considered.
The error bars are the standard deviation for the particle mass concentration.
“n” is the number of days.
Averages of three winters (2004/05, 2005/06, 2006/07) and three summers (2005, 2006, 2007) are shown.
Results DIGITEL Sampler
Indicator for air mass direction
100
particle mass concentration [µg/m³]
90
PM10
PM2.5
PM1
air masses from west
air masses from east
80
70
Winter-campaign
60
Summer-campaign
50
40
30
20
10
04 / 07
03 / 07
02 / 07
01 / 07
12 / 06
11 / 06
10 / 06
09 / 06
08 / 06
07 / 06
06 / 06
05 / 06
04 / 06
0
time [month]
Time series of daily particle mass concentration PM1, PM2.5 and PM10
(May 2004 until October 2006) with indicator for air mass origin and time-slots
for the EMEP winter- and summer-campaign (2006 and 2007)
Meteorological parameters during the EMEP intensive campaigns at Melpitz site
2006
Difference from normal climate (1971-2000) for daily mean temparature
at the Meteorological Institute of the Leipzig University®
June 2006
Temperature and relative Humidity at Melpitz site
January/February 2007
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-10
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-30
Temperature [°C]
30
Temperature
relative Humidity
40
Temperature
relative Humidity
-30
time (days)
30
time (days)
relative Humidity [%]
100
relative Humidity [%]
Temperature [°C]
40
2007
until April 17
Overview of data for the EMEP intensive campaigns at Melpitz site
Summer-Intensive-Campaign (1. – 30. June 2006)
Day Nr.
date
MAAP
AMS
Berner
GRIMM
TDMPS
D PM10
I
PM2.5
G PM1
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date
MAAP
AMS
Berner
GRIMM
TDMPS
D PM10
I
PM2.5
G PM1
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
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Winter-Intensive-Campaign (8. January – 8. February 2007)
MAAP,
Multi Angel Absorption Photometer (Model 5012)
TOF-AMS, Particle-Mass-Spectrometer (Aerodyne, USA)
Berner,
5-stage-BERNER-type-impactor (mass, water soluble ions, organic and elemental carbon, OC, EC)
GRIMM Type ESVC 265, optical detection of PM1, PM2.5 and PM10
TDMPS
TDMPS (twin-differential-mobility-particle-sizer) with APS (aerodynamic-particle-sizer)
in combination with a thermo-denuder
█ no data X data available
For the AMS also data for 9.,10.,11. and 12. February and
for the Berner data also for the 7. February available
40
20
15
.07
.07
.02
07
.07
.02
05
.07
.02
03
.07
.02
01
.07
.01
30
.07
.01
28
.07
.01
26
.07
.01
24
.07
.01
22
.07
.01
20
.07
.01
.07
.01
16
.07
.01
08
.01
0
14
0
.07
5
.06
03
.06
.06
05
.06
.06
07
.06
.06
09
.06
.06
11
.06
.06
13
.06
.06
15
.06
.06
17
.06
.06
19
.06
.06
21
.06
.06
23
.06
.06
25
.06
.06
27
.06
.06
29
.06
.06
5
.07
10
.01
10
25
12
15
30
.01
20
PM1
PM2.5
PM10
10
25
35
Massenkonzentration [µg/m³]
30
PM1
PM2.5
PM10
01
.06
Massenkonzentration [µg/m³]
35
18
40
Summer (1. June – 30. June 2006)
30 days
Winter (8. January – 8 February 2007)
32 days
PM10
18.91 + 6.30
PM10
16.60 + 7.28
PM2.5
13.98 + 6.14
PM2.5
12.30 + 7.18
PM1
9.97 + 4.29
PM1
7.71 + 4.41
Time series and mean values for Summer- and Winter-campaign.
Results from the daily DIGITEL-Samples for PM10, PM2.5 and PM1
Mass-concentration
40
y = 0.98x
2
R = 0.62
30
Comparison of half-hourly PM10-measurements
of an optical device
(Type ESVC 265, Fa. GRIMM, Germany)
with daily PM10 data from the DIGITEL
25
20
15
10
5
N=30
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
PM10 high volume [µg/m³]
40
70
60
June 2006
particle mass concentration [µg/m³]
PM10 daily mean GRIMM [µg/m³]
35
PM10
PM2.5
PM1
PM10 high volume
50
40
30
20
10
0
days in June 2006 (half hourly means)
30
y = 0.78x
R2 = 0.78
Comparison of half-hourly PM10-measurements
of an optical device
(Type ESVC 265, Fa. GRIMM, Germany)
with daily PM10 data from the DIGITEL
20
15
10
N=32
5
40
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
PM10 high volume [µg/m³]
January/February 2007
particle mass concentration [µg/m³]
PM10 daily mean GRIMM [µg/m³]
25
30
PM10
PM2.5
PM1
PM10 high volume
25
20
15
10
5
0
days in January/February 2006 (half hourly means)
from inlet
foil from stage 3
pump
aerodynamic
particle
diameter [µm]
Five-stage low-pressure cascade impactor, flow rate 4.5 m3/h
Aluminium impaction foils
5-stage-BERNER-type-impactor at Melpitz site
June 2006
9.0
EC
OC
Ca
Mg
K
NH4
Na
SO4
NO3
Cl
rest
mass concentration [µg/m³]
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0.05-0.14
0.14-0.42
0.42-1.2
1.2-3.5
3.5-10
BERNER type impactor stage (aerodynamic diameter [µm])
2006-06-25
Results of BERNER-type-impactor measurements (summer)
January/February 2007
3.0
EC
OC
Ca
Mg
K
NH4
Na
SO4
NO3
Cl
rest
mass concentration [µg/m³]
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.05-0.14
0.14-0.42
0.42-1.2
1.2-3.5
3.5-10
BERNER type impactor stage (aerodynamic diameter [µm])
2007-01-27
Results of BERNER-type-impactor measurements (winter)
14
12
12
10
Particle mass concentration [µg/m³]
Particle mass concentration [µg/m³]
14
Mass
Mass
8
6
4
10
Mass
8
6
4
2
2
0
0
0,05-0,14
0,14-0,42
0,42-1,2
1,2-3,5
3,5-10
0,05-0,14
0,14-0,42
0,42-1,2
1,2-3,5
3,5-10
maximum
upper Quartile
mean value
lower Quartile
Structure of the Boxplot
minumum
Results of BERNER-type-impactor measurements for all 13 measured days in Summer
and 15 measured days in Winter (1)
Time profiles and mass fraction
Comparison with PM1 DIGITEL daily filter samples
PM10 Particle mass concentration [ng/m³]
Measurements with the MAAP, Example for 10 days in June 2006, minute-means
June 2006
January/February 2007
Evolution of number size distributions of ambient aerosols (upper figures) and
of non-volatile particle fractions behind the thermodenuder (lower figures) as a mean
for the EMEP-summer- and -winter-campaign.
We provide data for both EMEP-Intensive campaigns in 2006 and 2007
DIGITEL High Volume Sampler (daily means, PM1, PM2.5 and PM10)
MAAP, Multi Angel Absorption Photometer (Model 5012) (Minute means)
Berner, 5-stage-BERNER-type-impactor (mass, water soluble ions,
organic and elemental carbon, OC, EC)
(daily means for selected days,13 during summer and
15 during winter campaign)
GRIMM Type ESVC 265, optical detection of PM1, PM2.5 and PM10
(half-hourly means)
TDMPS TDMPS (twin-differential-mobility-particle-sizer) with
APS (aerodynamic-particle-sizer)
in combination with a thermo-denuder
(10 minute means and daily contour plots)
TOF-AMS, Particle-Mass-Spectrometer (data in winter campaign available)
(5-minute-means)
This measurements can be done at Melpitz site also for 2008 and 2009
Plus …
Possible new and modified measurements for the
future campaigns in 2008 and 2009 at Melpitz
AMS measurements in both campaigns with more focus also on organic speciation
(HOA, OOA) (5 minute means)
Quasi continuously measurements of OC and EC with the SUNSET
LABORATORY’s Carbon Aerosol Analyzer
(hourly means for OC/EC)
Artifact free sampling of OC/EC (following EUSAAR) – Analysis of OC and EC
with C-mat 5500 (VDI 2465 page 2)
(daily mean every second day)
Monitor for Aerosols & Gases in Ambient Air
MARGA (commercial vision of SJAC)
for NO3-, NH4+, SO4–, Cl- /HNO3, HCl, NH3, SO2 in PM2.5
(hourly means) (MARGA can be integrated in the 2009 campaign)
TEOM® FDMS for nearly artifact free measurements of PM10 mass concentration
(10 minute means)
NH3-Measurements by photoacoustic (TGA 310) (10 minute means)
Suitability of Melpitz site
The particle mass concentration PM10 decreased up to the end of
the 90-ies and remains constant for the last years. The inter annular
winter variations are much higher than those of the summers. The
Melpitz site is located in the lowlands of Eastern Germany and may be
influenced episodically by air masses from Eastern Europe transporting
aerosol in the EU with a lot of sulphate, OC and EC especially in
winters. Such air masses are the reason for high PM10 concentration
episodes in large areas with a typical high PM2.5/PM10 ratio
(detection of long-range-transport).
The results for Intensive-Measuring-Campaigns at Melpitz site for
2006 and 2007 and the future campains for 2008 and 2009 can be
integrated in longtime measurements for PM.
Especially the time slot of the winter campaign shows only situations
with westerly winds and the Winter 2006/2007 was in Germany extremely mild.
The comparison of both campaigns therefore give very untypical results for the
Melpitz site. They are differ from that of long-time-observations.
!
Particulate Matter
reasons
We acknowledge the support from the
Umweltbundesamt in Germany for the 2006 and 2007
EMEP-Intensive-Measuring-Campaigns
(project 351 01 031) and continuation of measurements
in 2006/07 (project 351 01 38)
We would like to thank Jörn Hanß, Eveline Neumann, Annelie
Thomas, Helga Mamczak, Brigitte Gerlach and Anett Dietze.
actions
SUPPLEMENTS
Campaigns in
Winter and Summer
daily means < 50 µg/m³
daily means > 50 µg/m³
data UBA < 50 mg/m³
data UBA > 50 µg/m³
running 10 day mean
140
mass concentration PM10 [µg/m³]
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
93
Average[µg/m³]
Part [%]
days > 50
days > 40
deas > 30
year
94
35.2
97
61
113
188
1993
95
96
36.1
99
67
117
217
1994
32.9
98
56
103
176
1995
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
38.9 32.5 27.5 22.9 21.1 21.6 25.7 24.4 19.9 22.4 23.5 22.6
100
98
98
98
99
100
89
91
99
99
99
25
79
45
24
8
3
5
16
19
6
8
11
5
129
96
55
30
10
20
43
35
18
28
32
10
190 160 110
83
60
63
101
86
53
78
85
22
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Time-slots of the summer and winter EMEP-Intensive-Measuring-campaigns
in the daily long-time PM10-Mesurements at Melpitz site
Meteorological parameters during the EMEP intensive campaigns at Melpitz site (2)
1200
1200
20
global radiation
windvelocity
20
Global radiation and wind velocity at Melpitz site
globalradiation
wind velocity
18
1000
18
1000
16
16
14
14
600
10
8
400
12
600
10
8
400
6
6
4
4
200
200
2
0
2
0
0
0
time (days)
360
time (days)
10.00
360
10.00
winddirection
precipitation
Wind direction and precipitation at Melpitz site
9.00
winddirection
precipitation
9.00
8.00
8.00
270
270
5.00
4.00
winddirection [°]
180
precipitation [mm]
6.00
6.00
180
5.00
4.00
3.00
3.00
90
90
0
2.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
0.00
Zeit (Tage)
June 2006
0
0.00
time (days)
January/February 2007
precipitation [mm]
7.00
7.00
winddirection [°]
windvelocity [m/s]
12
global radiation [W/m²]
800
windvelocity [m/s]
global radiation [W/m²]
800
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
2
1
1
0
0
Nitrate-concentration
Massenkonzentration [µg/m³]
PM1
PM2.5
PM10
.20
10
0
.01 7
.20
12
0
.01 7
.20
14
0
.01 7
.20
16
0
.01 7
.20
18
0
.01 7
.20
20
0
.01 7
.20
22
0
.01 7
.20
24
0
.01 7
.20
26
0
.01 7
.20
28
0
.01 7
.20
30
0
.01 7
.20
01
0
.02 7
.20
03
0
.02 7
.20
05
0
.02 7
.20
07
0
.02 7
.20
07
9
08
.01
.20
06
03
.06
.20
06
05
.06
.20
06
07
.06
.20
06
09
.06
.20
06
11
.06
.20
06
13
.06
.20
06
15
.06
.20
06
17
.06
.20
06
19
.06
.20
06
21
.06
.20
06
23
.06
.20
06
25
.06
.20
06
27
.06
.20
06
29
.06
.20
06
01
.06
Massenkonzentration [µg/m³]
10
10
9
8
7
PM1
PM2.5
PM10
6
5
4
3
Summer (1. June – 30. June 2006)
30 days
Winter (8. January – 8 February 2007)
32 days
PM10
1.09 + 1.22
PM10
2.96 + 2.31
PM2.5
0.55 + 0.90
PM2.5
2.46 + 2.16
PM1
0.30 + 0.55
PM1
0.66 + 1.56
Time series and mean values for Summer- and Winter-campaign.
Results from the daily DIGITEL-Samples for PM10, PM2.5 and PM1
4
3
2
Massenkonzentration [µg/m³]
PM1
PM2.5
PM10
Sulphate-concentration
.20
10
0
.01 7
.20
12
0
.01 7
.20
14
0
.01 7
.20
16
0
.01 7
.20
18
0
.01 7
.20
20
0
.01 7
.20
22
0
.01 7
.20
24
0
.01 7
.20
26
0
.01 7
.20
28
0
.01 7
.20
30
0
.01 7
.20
01
0
.02 7
.20
03
0
.02 7
.20
05
0
.02 7
.20
07
0
.02 7
.20
07
Massenkonzentration [µg/m³]
5
08
.01
.20
06
03
.06
.20
06
05
.06
.20
06
07
.06
.20
06
09
.06
.20
06
11
.06
.20
06
13
.06
.20
06
15
.06
.20
06
17
.06
.20
06
19
.06
.20
06
21
.06
.20
06
23
.06
.20
06
25
.06
.20
06
27
.06
.20
06
29
.06
.20
06
01
.06
6
6
5
1
1
0
0
PM1
PM2.5
PM10
4
3
2
Summer (1. June – 30. June 2006)
30 days
Winter (8. January – 8 February 2007)
32 days
PM10
2.84 + 1.10
PM10
1.72 + 0.97
PM2.5
2.66 + 1.05
PM2.5
1.53 + 2.16
PM1
2.36 + 0.93
PM1
0.85 + 0.62
Time series and mean values for Summer- and Winter-campaign.
Results from the daily DIGITEL-Samples for PM10, PM2.5 and PM1
4.0
Massenkonzentration [µg/m³]
3.0
3.5
PM1
PM2.5
PM10
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
3.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.0
0.0
08
.01
.20
10
0
.01 7
.20
12
0
.01 7
.20
14
0
.01 7
.20
16
0
.01 7
.20
18
0
.01 7
.20
20
0
.01 7
.20
22
0
.01 7
.20
24
0
.01 7
.20
26
0
.01 7
.20
28
0
.01 7
.20
30
0
.01 7
.20
01
0
.02 7
.20
03
0
.02 7
.20
05
0
.02 7
.20
07
0
.02 7
.20
07
0.5
.20
06
03
.06
.20
06
05
.06
.20
06
07
.06
.20
06
09
.06
.20
06
11
.06
.20
06
13
.06
.20
06
15
.06
.20
06
17
.06
.20
06
19
.06
.20
06
21
.06
.20
06
23
.06
.20
06
25
.06
.20
06
27
.06
.20
06
29
.06
.20
06
PM1
PM2.5
PM10
2.5
0.5
01
.06
Massenkonzentration [µg/m³]
3.5
4.0
Summer (1. June – 30. June 2006)
30 days
Winter (8. January – 8 February 2007)
32 days
PM10
1.03 + 0.36
PM10
1.20 + 0.92
PM2.5
1.04 + 0.33
PM2.5
1.13 + 0.89
PM1
0.93 + 0.28
PM1
0.86 + 0.66
Time series and mean values for Summer- and Winter-campaign.
Results from the daily DIGITEL-Samples for PM10, PM2.5 and PM1
Ammonium-concentration
June 2006
3.0
mass concentration [µg/m³]
2.5
2.0
1.5
rest
Cl
NO3
SO4
Na
NH4
K
Mg
Ca
OC
EC
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.05-0.14
0.14-0.42
0.42-1.2
1.2-3.5
3.5-10
BERNER type impactor stage (aerodynamic diameter [µm])
2006-06-05
Results of BERNER-type-impactor measurements (summer)
June 2006
4.0
EC
OC
Ca
Mg
K
NH4
Na
SO4
NO3
Cl
rest
mass concentration [µg/m³]
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.05-0.14
0.14-0.42
0.42-1.2
1.2-3.5
3.5-10
BERNER type impactor stage (aerodynamic diameter [µm])
2006-06-12
Results of BERNER-type-impactor measurements (summer)
January/February 2007
3.5
EC
OC
Ca
Mg
K
NH4
Na
SO4
NO3
Cl
rest
mass concentration [µg/m³]
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.05-0.14
0.14-0.42
0.42-1.2
1.2-3.5
3.5-10
BERNER type impactor stage (aerodynamic diameter [µm])
2007-01-15
Results of BERNER-type-impactor measurements (winter)
January/February 2007
14.0
EC
OC
Ca
Mg
K
NH4
Na
SO4
NO3
Cl
rest
mass concentration [µg/m³]
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.05-0.14
0.14-0.42
0.42-1.2
1.2-3.5
3.5-10
BERNER type impactor stage (aerodynamic diameter [µm])
2007-02-08
Results of BERNER-type-impactor measurements (winter)
10
.0
1.
20
07
1.
20
07
12
.0
1.
20
07
14
.0
1.
20
07
16
.0
1.
20
07
18
.0
1.
20
07
20
.0
1.
20
07
22
.0
1.
20
07
24
.0
1.
20
07
26
.0
1.
20
07
28
.0
1.
20
07
30
.0
1.
20
07
01
.0
2.
20
07
03
.0
2.
20
07
05
.0
2.
20
07
07
.0
2.
20
07
08
.0
Massenkonzentration [µg/m³]
6.
29
.0
6.
27
.0
6.
25
.0
6.
6.
23
.0
21
.0
6.
19
.0
6.
17
.0
6.
6.
15
.0
13
.0
6.
11
.0
6.
6.
20
06
20
06
20
06
20
06
20
06
20
06
20
06
20
06
20
06
20
06
20
06
20
06
3.5
09
.0
4
20
06
20
06
20
06
Massenkonzentration [µg/m³]
4.5
07
.0
6.
05
.0
6.
6.
03
.0
01
.0
5
MAAP_PM10
EC_DIGITEL_PM10
TC_DIGITEL_PM10
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Comparison of black carbon
determination from DIGITELFilters as EC (VDI-2465, page 2)
and an optical determination
with an Multi Angel Absorption
Photometer
(MAAP, Model 5012)
for the EMEP summer and
winter campaigns 2006 and 2007
Database daily means
TC = OC + EC
TDMPS (twin-differential-mobility-particle-sizer) with
APS (aerodynamic-particle-sizer)
June 2006
Example for one day in
January/February 2007
Evolution of number size distributions of ambient aerosols (upper figures) and
of non-volatile particle fractions behind the thermodenuder (lower figures)
3.0
2.5
Sulphate
Particle mass concentration [µg/m³]
Particle mass concentration [µg/m³]
2.5
3.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
0,05-0,14
0,14-0,42
0,42-1,2
1,2-3,5
3,5-10
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.4
Ammonium
Particle mass concentration [µg/m³]
Particle mass concentration [µg/m³]
2.0
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0,05-0,14
0,14-0,42
0,42-1,2
1,2-3,5
0,05-0,14
0,14-0,42
0,42-1,2
1,2-3,5
3,5-10
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0,05-0,14
0,14-0,42
0,42-1,2
1,2-3,5
3,5-10
3,5-10
Results of BERNER-type-impactor measurements for all 13 measured days in Summer
and 15 measured days in Winter (2)
5.0
4.5
4.5
Nitrate
4.0
Particle mass concentration [µg/m³]
Particle mass concentration [µg/m³]
5.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.0
0,05-0,14
0,14-0,42
0,42-1,2
1,2-3,5
3,5-10
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
Chloride
0.7
Particle mass concentration [µg/m³]
Particle mass concentration [µg/m³]
4.0
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0,05-0,14
0,14-0,42
0,42-1,2
1,2-3,5
3,5-10
0,05-0,14
0,14-0,42
0,42-1,2
1,2-3,5
3,5-10
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0,05-0,14
0,14-0,42
0,42-1,2
1,2-3,5
3,5-10
Results of BERNER-type-impactor measurements for all 13 measured days in Summer
and 15 measured days in Winter (3)
1.4
1.2
1.2
OC
1.0
Particle mass concentration [µg/m³]
Particle mass concentration [µg/m³]
1.4
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
0,05-0,14
0,14-0,42
0,42-1,2
1,2-3,5
3,5-10
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
EC
0.7
Particle mass concentration [µg/m³]
Particle mass concentration [µg/m³]
1.0
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0,05-0,14
0,14-0,42
0,42-1,2
1,2-3,5
3,5-10
0,05-0,14
0,14-0,42
0,42-1,2
1,2-3,5
3,5-10
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0,05-0,14
0,14-0,42
0,42-1,2
1,2-3,5
3,5-10
Results of BERNER-type-impactor measurements for all 13 measured days in Summer
and 15 measured days in Winter (4)