Transcript Part I: Fundamentals for Hardware/Software Co

Midterm Review
Introduction to Computer Systems
Engineering
(CPEG 323)
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Objectives of CPEG 323
Acquire solid knowledge in the analysis,
design, implementation and evaluation of
computer system organization with emphasis
on instruction-set architecture and
optimization
Acquire basic knowledge of the interaction
between system software (e.g. compilers)
and hardware (architecture) design
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ABET Outcomes
Ability to apply knowledge of science (e.g.,
computer architecture and system
organization, and related computer science
issues), and engineering (e.g., performance
analysis and benchmarking, ISA simulation
and verification)
Ability to use the techniques, skills and
modern engineering tools necessary for
engineering practice
Knowledge of related topics in computer
science discipline
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Areas of Importance
• Basics of computer organization
• Instruction set architectures
• Computer arithmetic
• System Software
• Computer performance
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Basics of Computer Organization
(Chapter 1 of text + slides Topic0, 1, 1a)
• General knowledge of computing history
• Historical perspectives
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Impacts of technological changes
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Market forces
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How architecture is affected by software and applications
• Basic structure of general purpose computer
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Instruction Set Architectures
(Chapter 2 of book + Slides 2, 2a, 2b, 2c. 2d)
• What is ISA ?
• Role of ISA w.r.t. hardware and software
• MIPS instruction set architecture
• Basic Steps of MIPS instruction execution
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More about ISA …
4 style of ISAs:
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memory-to-memory
accumulator machines
stack machines
register based ISA
General vs. special purpose regs
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More about ISA …
MIPS memory model
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data types and sizes
little vs. big endings
Register conventions
MIPS operations (3 types)
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instruction format and fields
addressing mode
assembly vs. machine representation
RISC vs. CISC
Calling conventions and stack frames
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caller save vs. callee save
parameter passing
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More about ISA …
System software and ISA
role of system software tool chain: compiler,
assembler, linker, etc.
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memory layout for C compilers
runtime stack layout
Interaction between ISA and OS
 Privileged mode, traps, etc
Static vs. dynamic libraries
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Computer Arithmetic
(Chapter 3 of book + Topics 3, 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d,
3e)
• Number representations
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un/signed integers
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BCDs
•
Two’s complement
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Computer Arithmetic – cont’d
Basic ALU design
•
Integer adders (ripple carry, look
ahead techniques)
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Integer multiply
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Computer Arithmetic – cont’d
Real numbers
IEEE-754 Representation
FP Addition
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Performance Evaluation
(Chapter 4 of book + Slides 4, 4a)
• Why performance evaluation ?
• Performance matrices
• Performance measurement
• Benchmarks
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Performance matrices
Time-based matrices
CPI
MIPS and MFLOPS
Hardware based matrices and weakness
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Performance measurement and
benchmarking
Sustained and peak performance
Relative performance
Benchmark classes
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