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First Aid First Aid At Work Commercial Training Learning outcomes Being a first aider and first aid equipment > > > > Candidates will be able to: State the principles and aims of first aid State your responsibility as a first aider State the action to take at an emergency incident Demonstrate an awareness of safety issues Learning outcomes Resuscitation Candidates will be able to: > Briefly outline the structure and function of the respiratory and circulatory systems > State some causes of hypoxia > Outline the theory behind Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) > Demonstrate the treatment for a conscious casualty who is choking > Demonstrate the treatment for an unconscious casualty who is known to have choked Learning outcomes Management of blood loss Candidates will be able to: > State how blood is circulated around the body > State the definition of shock > State & demonstrate how to control serious external bleeding > State & demonstrate how to treat a person with internal bleeding > State & demonstrate how they would treat a casualty suffering from shock Learning outcomes Unconsciousness Candidates will be able to: > Explain what is meant by Mechanism of Injury > Demonstrate the correct management of a conscious casualty > Demonstrate the correct management of an unconscious casualty, to include Primary and Secondary Survey > Demonstrate how to place an acting unconscious casualty in the Recovery Position from their back, front and side and state the reasons behind your actions > Describe the after care required for all of the above Learning outcomes Burns Candidates will be able to: > State the causes of burns and scalds > Demonstrate the general treatment for burns & scalds > Describe the treatment for a corrosive burn to the eye Learning outcomes Fractures Candidates will be able to: > State the purpose of the skeleton > Describe what is meant by the term fracture > State the causes of fractures > State the types of fractures > Describe the signs and symptoms of a fracture > Treat fractures of different bones > Differentiate between a sprain and a strain > Outline the treatment of a sprain and a strain Learning outcomes Minor injuries & medical conditions Candidates will be able to: > Describe what is meant by the term minor illness > List the minor illnesses > Describe the signs and symptoms of some minor illnesses > Show the treatment for a minor illness Health & safety We are committed to ensuring that you enjoy your learning experience and can undertake it in a safe environment. To ensure this, it is vital that you follow the instructions given by the trainer 1. Ensure that you always act within your own limitations and advise the trainer if you are unable to undertake any practical activity 2. Ensure that you understand what is expected of you during the practical sessions and demonstrations – if in doubt ask! Health & safety 3. When acting as a casualty it is vital that you relax, and stop the activity if, at any time, you feel you are at risk, feel any pain or discomfort 4. Observe your colleagues when they are undertaking practical activities and stop the activity if you feel they are at risk Aims of first aid 1. Preserve life 2. Limit worsening of the condition 3. Promote recovery Aims of first aid 1. Preserve life Assess Airway Breathing Chest Compressions Control Bleeding Aims of first aid 2. Limit the worsening of the condition Examination of the casualty Make diagnosis Give priority to seriously injured Treat multiple injuries in order of priority Consider possibility of secondary condition Aims of first aid 3. Promote recovery Relieve discomfort, pain or anxiety Reassure Get medical aid Responsibilities of the first aider 1. Safety 2. Assess 3. Diagnose 4. Treat 5. After Care 6. Report Secondary survey History External clues Mechanics of injury Symptoms Signs Basic hygiene > Wash your hands > Wear disposable gloves > Use a yellow 'clinical waste' bag for used dressings > Wear waterproof dressings over cuts and grazes > Use purpose made cleaning agents for cleaning up body fluid spillages > If you regularly deal with bodily fluids, ask your doctor about Hepatitis B vaccinations First aid kit contents (HSE suggested) > Easily identifiable waterproof box > 20 individually wrapped sterile adhesive dressings (plasters) assorted sizes > 6 medium sterile dressings > 2 large sterile dressings > 2 sterile eye pads > 6 triangular bandages > 6 safety pins > Disposable gloves Unconscious, head wound - workplace Unconscious, head wound Recovery position The respiratory system Hypoxia Insufficient oxygen reaching the body tissues from the blood Causes of hypoxia > Insufficient oxygen > Airway obstruction > Conditions affecting chest wall > Impaired lung function > Damage to brain or nerves that control respiration > Impaired oxygen uptake by the tissues The circulatory system The heart – blood flow Blood vessels Chain of survival Resuscitation - treatment 1. Check for danger 2. Check for a Response 5. If not breathing, phone for help 6. Give chest compressions 3. Open the airway 4. Check for normal Breathing 7. 30:2 cycle 8. Continue with CPR until help arrives Resuscitation - children and infants 1. Give five initial rescue breaths before starting chest compressions…then 2. Continue at the ratio of 30 compressions to 2 breaths 3. If you are on your own perform resuscitation for about 1 minute before going for help 4. Compress the chest by about one-third of its depth Resuscitation - children and infants For a child over 1 year, use one or two hands, as appropriate, to compress the chest by about one third of its depth For a baby under 1 year, use two fingers to compress the chest by about one third of its depth Choking Objects may cause either mild or severe airway obstruction. It is important to ask the conscious casualty ‘Are you choking?’ General signs of choking > Attack occurs while eating > Casualty may clutch his/her neck Signs of MILD airway obstruction Response to question ‘Are you choking?’ > Casualty speaks & answers ‘yes’ Other signs > Casualty is able to speak, cough, and breathe Signs of SEVERE airway obstruction Response to question ‘Are you choking?’ > Casualty unable to speak > Casualty may respond by nodding Other signs > Casualty is unable to breathe > Breathing sounds wheezy > Attempts at coughing are silent > Casualty may be unconscious Choking - treatment 1. Encourage coughing 4. Up to 5 abdominal thrusts 2. Up to 5 back blows 3. Check Mouth 5. Check Mouth >Repeat sequence 3 times - 999/112 - Repeat sequence< Choking - treatment Assess severity Severe airway obstruction (ineffective cough) Unconscious > Start CPR Conscious > 5 back blows > 5 abdominal thrusts Mild airway obstruction (effective cough) Encourage cough Continue to check for deterioration to ineffective cough or relief of obstruction Types of wound Incised Lacerated Bruise Puncture Graze Gunshot Laceration to fingers Laceration to eye/face Amputation of fingers Puncture wound Treatment of bleeding 1. Sit or lie down 2. Examine 3. Pressure 4. Elevate Blood loss & shock - recognition > History > Pale skin > Cool and moist skin > Fast & weak pulse > Fast & shallow breathing > Nausea & vomiting > Thirsty > Anxious > Level of response drops Blood loss & shock - treatment Treat The Cause (if possible) Protection from Shock > Give reassurance > Protect from heat loss > Get medical aid > Nil by mouth > No Smoking Penetrating chest wound Severity of burns S ize C ause A ge L ocation D epth Depth of burns Superficial Partial Full Burns and scalds (when to go to hospital) > All burns involving the feet, hands, face or genital area > All burns that extend around a limb > Superficial burns above 5% > Partial thickness burns above 1% > All full thickness burns > Burns with a mixed pattern of depth > If you are unsure about the extent or severity > Children Burns - treatment 1. Cool the burn 2. Remove any clothing not sticking to the burn 3. Once cooled cover with a sterile dressing 4. Seek medical advice Burns - treatment Do NOT: > Apply creams or lotions > Burst blisters > Place ice on the burn > Remove clothing sticking to the burn Impaired consciousness Impaired consciousness is a result of an interruption of normal brain activity leading to a loss of awareness of surroundings Impaired consciousness - treatment > Ensure the airway is open and clear > Check response and re-check the level of response. Initial assessment: A --Alert V --Response to Voice P --Response to Pain U --Unresponsiveness Level of responsiveness Note the time and response of the eyes > Do they open spontaneously? > Do they open to speech? > Do they open to painful stimulus? > Is the casualty unresponsive? Level of responsiveness Note the following time and response to movement > Does the casualty move on command? > Does the casualty move in response to painful stimuli? > Is the casualty unresponsive? Level of responsiveness Note the time and response to voice > Is the response to a question or conversation normal? > Is the casualty confused? > Does the casualty use inappropriate words? > Does the casualty make incomprehensible sounds? > Is the casualty unresponsive? Causes of unconsciousness F ainting I mbalance of body heat S hock Head injury S troke Hypoxia A naphylaxis P oisoning E pilepsy D iabetes Fainting - recognition Temporary reduction of blood to brain: > Pale skin > Cold & clammy > Slow pulse > Brief loss of consciousness Fainting - treatment > Reassure > Check for any injuries > Sit the casualty up gradually Compression Pressure on the brain Concussion Shaking of the brain Head injuries Concussion Compression Initial Brief period of impaired consciousness Recent head injury with apparent recovery Response Short term memory loss Confusion / irritability Levels of response deteriorate Headache Skin Mild Severe Pale and clammy Flushed & dry Breathing Pulse Shallow / normal Deep/noisy/slow Rapid and weak Slow and strong Eyes Normal pupils, reacting to light One or both pupils dilated Recovery? Yes but possible nausea or vomiting No. Condition worsens Possible seizures Stroke Headache Confused Mental State Signs Of Weakness Dribbling From Mouth Slurred Speech Loss Of Movement Unequal Pupils Heart attack Recognition: > Persistent chest pain > Difficulty in breathing > Irregular or unusually fast or slow pulse > Profuse sweating > Moist, pale skin Heart attack Treatment: > Position > Dial 999/112 > Get AED if available > Monitor Hypoglycaemia Recognition: > Pale, cold skin > Sweating > Aggressive > Unusual behaviour > Acting as if drunk > Muscle tremors Extremes of body temperature HOT! Heat exhaustion: > Excessive sweating > Recreational drug use, e.g. ecstasy > Pale and clammy skin > Rapid weakening pulse Heat-stroke: > Overheating > Hot, flushed dry skin > Headache > Full bounding pulse > Slow, weakening pulse Extremes of body temperature Hypothermia: > Abnormally low body temperature > Cold, pale, dry skin > Lethargy > Slow, weakening pulse COLD! How poisons enter the body Poisons – generic treatment > Call for ambulance > Remember your own safety! > Protect casualty’s airway > Establish cause > Monitor very closely > Be ready to resuscitate The skeleton the skeleton The spine the spine Types of fracture Closed Open Complicated Green Stick Fractures Loss of power D eformity I rregularity Unnatural movement Pain S welling or bruising T enderness Fractured wrist Open fracture open fracture Dislocated kneecap Normal Dislocated Fractures - treatment > Provide support to the injured area > Expose the site of the injury > Treat any wounds > Immobilize effectively > Reassure and monitor Fractured leg Ambulance Imminent Fractured leg Ambulance Delayed Strains & sprains Strains & sprains treatment R est I ce C ompression E levation Asthma Epilepsy Minor seizures Also know as ‘absence seizures’ or ‘petit mal’ Possible signs & symptoms include: > Twitching of the face > Lip smacking > Jerking of an individual limb The person may appear to be day dreaming and this may last just a few seconds before recovery Epilepsy Major seizures A major disturbance in the brain Possible signs & symptoms include: > Aura > Tonic phase > Clonic phase > Recovery phase A major seizure usually goes through this pattern Body temperature Body temperature Body temperature Body temperature Body temperature Diabetes – low blood sugar Low blood sugar Onset Fast Levels of response Deteriorate rapidly Skin Pale, cold, sweaty Breathing Pulse Other symptoms Shallow, rapid Rapid May be confused with drunkenness Diabetes – high blood sugar Low blood sugar High blood sugar Fast Slow Levels of response Deteriorate rapidly Deteriorate slowly Skin Pale, cold, sweaty Dry, warm Shallow, rapid Deep, sighing breaths Rapid Rapid May be confused with drunkenness Excessive urination Very thirsty Hunger Onset Breathing Pulse Other symptoms Fruity smell on breath R.I.D.D.O.R Reporting of injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences regulations Hazardous Substances Poisonous substances Substances liable to ignite spontaneously Flammable substances Radioactive substances Compressed gases Corrosive substances Hazardous substances First aid What is your company's attitude to first aid? Are you complying with the regulations?