Transcript Plans for Radioactive Beam Facilities in Europe
Challenges for EURISOL and the EURISOL Design Study
Yorick Blumenfeld
OUTLINE
• The « Standard » scientific case • The EURISOL concept and performances • Technical Challenges and the Design Study • Task 10 : Physics and Instrumentation • Goals of the Workshop
The Nuclear Chart and Challenges
ab initio
calculations for light nuclei
• Systematic study of light nuclei (A<12) shows the necessity of including a 3-body force R.B. Wiringa and S.C. Pieper, Phys. Rev. Lett.
89
(2002) 182501
Modification of magic numbers far from stability
E* (MeV) 4 3 Lowest 2 + 2 1 0
12 Mg 20 Ca 16 S
12 16 20 24
N
state
Effect of shell closures on element abundances
46
Ar(d,p) 10 MeV/A @ SPIRAL with MUST
L. Gaudefroy, thèse
Neutron-proton pairing
• n-p pairing can occur in 2 different states: T=0 and T=1. The former is unique to n-p. It can be best studied in N=Z nuclei through spectroscopy and 2-nucleon transfer reactions.
Collective Modes
• Atomic nuclei display a variety of collective modes in which an assembly of neutrons moves coherently [e.g Low-lying vibrations and rotations.
•
Challenge
:Will new types of collective mode be observed in neutron-rich nuclei in particular? • Will the nucleus become a three fluid system-made up of a proton and neutron core plus a skin of neutrons?
We will then get collective modes in which the skin moves relative to the core.
From W. Gelletly
Two-proton radioactivity near the proton drip-line
Proton energy and angle correlations
di-proton emission?
Two-proton decay
~80%
Q 2p MeV = 1.14
~20%
T 1/2 = 3.8 ms J. Giovinazzo et al., PRL89 (2002) 102501
Super heavy elements : discovery and spectroscopy
GSI Z
112 RIKEN Z=113 DUBNA Z to 118?
294 118
Synthesis of new elements/isotopes (Z
120) Spectroscopy of Transfermium elements (Z
Shell structure of superheavy nuclei 108)
Studying the liquid-gas phase transition far from stability
Muller Serot PRC 1995 Neutron rich nuclei: isospin distillation Bonche Vautherin NPA 1984
asymmetry
r
p /
r
n
Proton rich nuclei: vanishing limiting temperatures From Ph. Chomaz and F. Gulminelli
Radioactive beam production: Two complementary methods GANIL/SISSI, GSI, RIKEN, NSCL/MSU High energy, large variety of species , Poor optical qualities, lack of energy flexibility GANIL/SPIRAL, REX/ISOLDE, ISAAC/TRIUMF good beam qualities, flexibility, intensity Low energy, chemistry is difficult
The NuPECC Recommendation NuPECC recommends the construction of 2 ‘next generation’ RIB infrastructures in Europe, i.e. one ISOL and one in-flight facility. The in-flight machine would arise from a major upgrade of the current GSI facility, while EURISOL would constitute the new ISOL facility
The EURISOL Road Map
• Vigorous scientific exploitation of current ISOL facilities : EXCYT, Louvain, REX/ISOLDE, SPIRAL • Construction of intermediate generation facilities : MAFF, REX upgrade, SPES, SPIRAL2 • Design and prototyping of the most specific and challenging parts of EURISOL in the framework of EURISOL_DS.
SPIRAL2
The EURISOL Concept
The EURISOL Concept
Total cost : 613 M€
Some beam intensities
Calculations for EURISOL : Helge Ravn 6 He 5X10 13 pps 18 Ne 5X10 12 pps
Yields after acceleration Comparison between facilities
a) Kr isotopes a) Yield for in-flight production of fission fragments at relativistic energy
Experimental Areas Low Energy Astrophysics Structure Reactions
The Major Technological Challenges for EURISOL
• 5 MW proton accelerator also capable of accelerating A/Q = 2.
• Target(s) sustaining this power and allowing fast release of nuclei • Efficient and selective ion sources producing multi-charged ions • Multi charge state acceleration of radioactive beams with minimal losses • Radioprotection and safety issues
The EURISOL_DS in the 6
th
framework
• Detailed engineering oriented studies and technical prototyping work • 21 participants from 14 countries • 21 contributors from Europe, Asia and North America • Total Cost : 33 M€ • Contribution from EU : 9.16 M€
11 Tasks
• • • •
Physics, beams and safety
– Physics and instrumentation (Liverpool) – Beam intensity calculations (GSI) – Safety and radioprotection (Saclay)
Accelerators :
Synergies with HIPPI (CARE)
– Proton accelerator design (INFN Legnaro) – Heavy ion accelerator design (GANIL) – SC cavity development (IPN Orsay): SC cavity prototypes and multipurpose cryomodule
Targets and ion sources :
Synergies with spallation sources
– Multi-MW target station (CERN) : mercury converter – Direct target (CERN) : Several target-ion source prototypes – Fission target (INFN Legnaro) : UC x target
BB :
Synergies with BENE
– Beam preparation (Jyväskylä) : 60 GHz ECR source – Beta-beam aspects (CERN)
TASK 10 : Physics & Instrumentation
• Robert Page, Angela Bonaccorso, Nigel Orr • Expected Deliverables – Broad scientific goals selected – Key experiments selected – Evaluation of feasibility – Conceptual design of apparatus – Costing of instrumentation – Definition of beam properties
Goals of the Workshop
• Update the Physics Case : new ideas and new concepts.
• What are the key experiments concepts?
which will test these • What are the requirements of the facility : species, energy, ….
• How do we carry forward the involvement of theoreticians in the Design Study, and more generally in the EURISOL road map.
Combination of beta beam with low energy super beam Unique to CERN- based scenario combines CP and T violation tests
e
m
(
+) (T)
m
e (
p
+ ) (CP)
e
m
(
-) (T)
m
e (
p
)
CERN-SPL-based Neutrino SUPERBEAM 300 MeV
m
Neutrinos small contamination from
e (no K at 2 GeV!) Fréjus underground lab.
A large underground water Cerenkov (400 kton) UNO/HyperK or/and a large L.Arg detector. also : proton decay search, supernovae events solar and atmospheric neutrinos. Performance similar to J-PARC II There is a window of opportunity for digging the cavern starting in 2008 (safety tunnel in Frejus or TGV test gallery)
CERN :
-beam baseline scenario
FAIR
Time scales
2005 2007 2010 2012 2016 Project definition Construction Exploitation
AGATA
(A dvanced
GA
mma
T
racking
A
rray)
4
π γ
-array for Nuclear Physics Experiments at European accelerators providing radioactive and high-intensity stable beams Main features of AGATA
Efficiency: 40% (M γ =1) 25% (M γ today’s arrays ~10% (gain ~4) =30) 5% (gain ~1000) Peak/Total: 55% (M γ =1) 45% (M γ =30) today ~55% 40% Angular Resolution: ~1º FWHM (1 MeV, v/c=50%) ~ 6 keV !!!
today ~40 keV Rates: 3 MHz (M γ =1) 300 kHz (M γ today 1 MHz 20 kHz =30)
• 180 or 120 large volume 36-fold segmented Ge crystals in 60 or 40 triple-clusters • Digital electronics and sophisticated Pulse Shape Analysis algorithms allow • Operation of Ge detectors in position sensitive mode
γ
-ray tracking • Demonstrator ready by 2007 • Construction of full array from 2008 ??
J. Simpson
The Rare Isotope Accelerator (USA)
RIA
(USA)