Transcript Document

Development of integrated
project and financial
management tools in conformity
with the 2003 FPA
The Sphere Project
In collaboration with
Qualitative approach :
the “Sphere Project”
Materials have been drawn from:
The Sphere Project
Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards
in Disaster Response
The goal of this global NGO process is to improve the
quality and accountability of disaster response.
For more information consult
www.sphereproject.org
?
Application of
SPHERE
Do applications of the SPHERE
manual exist in the NGO projects?
Objective
To familiarize the contents and
applications of the SPHERE
manual in light of
requirements of ECHO and
other donors
Work phases
A. Survey of SPHERE
B. Contents of SPHERE
(map of manual)
C. Use of SPHERE
(practical applications)
A. Survey of SPHERE
What it isn’t
What it is
What it isn’t (and what it doesn’t do)
It is not a manual for management of emergencies
It is not a static reference system, but the result of a process in
continuous development (SPHERE Project)
It does not define an unchangeable reference system, but
minimum standards which garantee the right of population in
emergency situations to live with dignity
What it is (and what it does)
It is a manual for the organization of emergencies with the aim to
improve the quality of the interventions (increase the efficacy of
humanitarian aid) and strengthen the responsability of humanitarian
agencies (higher control) in relation to:
Local beneficiaries and authorities;
Donors;
Partners and personnel.
It is a system of ethical-giuridical values (Humanitarian
Charter) to which humanitarian agencies comply
It is a common language for the application of project cycles in
humanitarian emergencies
A. Survey of
SPHERE
Phase I
1997 – 1998
Phase II
1998 – 2000
Phase III
2000 – 2004
History
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Objective: to create a language and a reference base
common to the emergency actors.
First edition of SPHERE
First definition of the Humanitarian Charter and sectoral
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Objective : improve the quality of humanitarian
interventions reinforcing the principle of accountability.
Insertion themes of protection and race
Debates, training, websites and newsletters
20 agencies to pilot the application
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Objective : institutionalize the use of manual and
strengthen the communicative area.
Continuation of phase II activity
Strengthen training processes
External evaluation (in execution)
Concentration in 3 areas (RDC, India e Centr. Am.)
Revision of manual (Nov. 2003 – new edition)
Institutionalize SPHERE (governments and donors)
Minimum Standards
A. Survey of
SPHERE
Revision of
manual
Constant work of updating and comparison
SPHERE as
process
Creation of 6 focal points (specialists and experts in sectors)
Possibility of participating in the revision via internet
Ne
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Aim of revision
Ne
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Ne New
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!
Finish the process in November 2003
Adding to and updating the minimum standards, the indicators
and guidance notes
Introduction of Food Security (integrated into Food Security,
Nutrition & Food Aid)
Create and strengthen ties between various sectors (chapter
on standards common to all sectors)
Insertion of cross cutting issues: children, eldery, disabled,
women, AIDS, environment, human rights, protection
Major attention to vulnerable groups
Creation of instruments to create a communicative arena
Strengthen ties between human rights, legal instruments and
technical chapters – advocacy instrument
?
Application of
SPHERE
How much importance is given to
the use of SPHERE in the NGO
projects, requirement expressed in
the rules of ECHO and the official
documents of many donors?
A. importance
SPHERE
Institutional
level
Why it is
important
WIDELY DIFFUSED
(diffusion of manual & institutionalization)
20 organizations in “pilot agency” group
UN Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC), OCHA
DAC, VOICE, government institutions
ECHO
level
IMPORTANCE FOR ECHO
(qualitative approach and control of standards)
FINANCING OF SPHERE BY ECHO
QUALITY PARTNERSHIP AND INTRODUCTION OF PCM
INDICATIONS NEW FPA – attention to performance indicators
NGO
level
IMPORTANCE FOR NGO
(qualitative approach & responds to donors requirements)
SPHERE as an operative instrument
Demonstrates “KNOW HOW”
To make its work monitorable and evaluable
B. Contents of
SPHERE
Manual index
1. What is SPHERE (how and when to use the manual)
Introduction
2. Standards and indicators, vulnerability factors
Objective: introduce manual to reader
1. Fundamental humanitarian principles (ethical bases)
Part I –
Humanitarian
Charter
2. Rules and responsabilities (compliance to principles)
3. Minimum Standards (compliance to standards)
4. Sources (legal instruments)
Objective : compliance of the reader to the moral
reference framework of the humanitarian
interventions
1. Standard common to all sectors
Part II –
Minimum
Standards
2. Minimum Standard Water Supply, Sanitation e Hygiene
3. Minimum Standard Food Security, Nutrition e Food Aid
4. Minimum Standard Shelter,Settlement,Non-food items
5. Minimum Standard Health Services
Objective : knowledge of SPHERE reference system
B. Contents of
SPHERE
No technical
intervention may be
carried out without
keeping in mind
these common
standards
Common
Standard
Chapter “Standards
common to all sectors”
1. Participation
2. Initial Assessment
3. Response
4. Targeting
5. Monitoring
6. Evaluation
7. Worker competencies and responsabilities
8. Supervision, management and support of personnel
B. Contents of
SPHERE
Standards
common to
program cycles
Common Standard 6:
Evaluation
The distaster-affected population
actively participates in the
assessment, design,
implementation, monitoring and
evaluation of the assistance
program.
There is a systematic &
impartial examination of
humanitarian action,
intended to draw lessons to
improve practice and policy
and to enhance
accountability.
Common Standard 2:
Initial Assessment
Assesments provide an
understanding of the
disaster situation and a clear
analysis of needs to
determine the necessity of
an intervention and its
nature.
Common Standard 5:
Monitoring
The effectiveness of the program
in responding to problems is
identified and changes in the
broader context are continually
monitored, with a view to
improving the program, or to
phasing it out as required.
Common Standard 7-8:
Worker competencies and
management & support
Common Standard 1:
Participation
Common Standard 4:
Targeting
Humanitarian assistance or
services are provided equitably
and impartially, based on the
vulnerability and needs of
individuals or groups affected by
disaster.
Common Standard 3:
Response
A humanitarian response is
required in situations where the
relevant authorities are unable
and/or unwilling to respond.
B. Contents of
SPHERE
Ex. of detailed index for
sector Chapter “Water Supply,
Sanitation e Hygiene Promotion”
1. Links to international legal instruments
Introduction
2. Importance of the chapter during emergency
3. Links to other chapters
4. Links to common standards with other sectors
5. Vulnerable categories (analysis principles)
1. Hygiene promotion (community)
Minimum
Standard
 Minimum Standard
 Key indicators
 Guidance notes
2. Water supply system
3. Excreta disposal
4. Vector control (disease carriers)
5. Solid waste management
6. Drainage
Enclosures
1. Check-list and technical forms
2. Various examples and typical forms
3. Bibliography
Application of
SPHERE
manual
Terminology
Standard
General statements which
define minimum levels to be
reached in various sectors
 Qualitative statements
 Universal statements and applicable in all contexts
 Statements based on the principle that all
populations have the right to live with dignity
Example
Water Supply Standard 1:
Access and water quantity
“All people have safe and equitable access to a
sufficient quantity of water for drinking, cooking
and personal and domestic hygiene. Public water
points are sufficiently close to households to
enable use of the minimum water requirement”
Terminology
Indicators
“Thresholds” which demonstrate if
and how standards are reached
 Quantitative and qualitative indicators (units of
measure of a standard)
 Universal indicators appliable in all contexts
 Indicators which measure and communicate the impact
(or result) obtained in addition to evaluating the
processes and methods used
Example
Water Supply Standard 1:
Key indicators (selection)
 Average water use for drinking, cooking & personal hygiene in
households = at least 15 liters/person/day
 Maximum distance from any household to nearest water point
= 500 meters
 Queuing time at water source no more than 15 minutes
 Water sources and systems are mainteined such that
appropriate quantities of water are available in a regular basis
 It takes no more than 3 minutes to fill a 20 liter container
Terminology
Guidance notes
Help to use the standards and indicators
correctly with respect to the context; offer
advice on priority issues and describe
dilemmas, controversies or gaps in current
knowledge
 They can refer to one or more indicators
 They permit the evaluation of practical difficulties
Example
Water Supply Standard 1:
Guidance notes (selection)
 Needs: “The quantity of water needed for domestic use
may vary according to the climate, sanitation facilities
available, people’s normal habits, their religious and
cultural practices etc…”. Table follows.
 Quantity and quality: “Until minimum standards for
both quantity and quality are met, the priority should be
to provide equitable access to an adeguate quantity of
water that meets minimum quality standard”.
?
Application of
standards and
indicators
How are standards, indicators and
guidance notes actually used ?
In which phases work can the
procedures defined by SPHERE be
applied ?
C. SPHERE in use
Ex. Non-food
items
Chapter “Shelter”
STANDARD 2
Personal hygiene:
Each family shall access to a sufficient quantity of soap and other products to
ensure personel hygiene, dignity & well-being.
KEY
INDICATORS
Indicators (selection):
1.
Each person has access to 250 g bathing soap per month
2.
Each person has access to 200g laundry soap per month
3.
Women and girls have sanitary materials for menstruation
4.
Infants and children up to 2 years old have 12 washable diapers
5.
Additional items essential for ensuring personal hygiene, dignity and wellbeing can be accessed
GUIDANCE
NOTES
Guidance notes (selection):
1, 2. Existing cultural practices and familiar products should be assessed in
specifying items supplied. Avoid specifying products not appropriate and
substitute products in relation to traditional use (ex. Ashes or sand instead of
laundry soap). Additional supplies should be provided in special cases (ex.
Incontinence, HIV, diarrhoea, eldery, disabled, etc…)
3. Women and girls should have appropriate material for menstruation. Women
should be involved in making choices (se also Excreta disposal standard 2, note
4);
5. Per person/per month: 75ml/100g toothpaste, 1 toothbrush, 250ml shampoo,
250ml baby lotion, 1 razor (men);
Per household: 1 hairbrush or comb, 1 nail clippers.
C. SPHERE in use
STANDARD 5
“Monitoring”
KEY
INDICATORS
GUIDANCE
NOTES
Ex. Common
standards
Chapter “Standards
common to all sectors”
Monitoring:
The effectiveness of the program in responding to problems is identified and
changes in the broader context are continually monitored, with a view to
improving the program
Indicators (selection):
1.
The information collected for monitoring is timely and useful, it is recorded
and analysed in an accurate manner and informs the ongoing program.
2.
Systems are in place to ensure regular collection of information and to
identify whether the indicators for each standard are being met.
3.
Women, men, children from all affected groups are regularly consulted and
involved in monitoring activities.
Guidance note (selection):
1, 2. Keep information updated and limited directly to the program. Concentrate on
the following areas: health statistics, access to water, its quality & consuption,
use of toilets & latrines, etc….
3. Keep in mind local cultural practices especially regarding women. People able to
collect information from all groups in a culturally acceptable manner should be
included.
C. SPHERE in use
Ex.
Clinical Service
Chapter “Health”
STANDARD 5
KEY
INDICATORS
GUIDANCE
NOTES
Clinical services
people have access to clinical services that are standardized & follow
accepted protocols and guidelines.
Indicators (selection):
1. The number, the level, and location of health facilities are appropriate
to meet the needs of the population.
2. A standardized essential drug list is established by the lead health
authority and adhered to by health agencies.
Guidance notes (selection):
1. a) community level: 1 community health worker per 500-1000 population, 1
birth attendant per 2000 population, 1 supervisor per 10 home visitors, 1 senior
supervisor
b) peripheral health facility (ca. 10.000 population): 2 to 5 staff, minimum 1
qualified health operator, etc…
c) central health facility (ca. 50.000 population): minimum 5 qualified health
operators, etc…
d) hospital: at least 1 doctor with surgical skills, etc…
2. Occasionally, alterations to established national protocols & drug lists may be
necessary, e.g. if there is evidence of resistance to recommended antibiotics or
anti-malarial agents. If protocols and/or essential drug lists do not exist,
guidelines established by WHO or UNHCR should be followed, eg. New
Emergency Health Kit.
C. SPHERE in use
STANDARD 1
KEY
INDICATORS
GUIDANCE
NOTES
Ex. Shelter
Chapter “Shelter”
Design and construction
conditions of heat, fresh air and privacy are garanteed. The design of the
shelter and the materials used are familiar, local shelter initiatives and locally
sourced materials and labour are respected
Selection of indicators:
1. The beneficiaries participate in the definition, planning and construction of the
shelters.
2. The benficiaries may mantain and upgrade te shelters using locally sourced
material.
3. Attention is given to problems connected to water, sanitation, drainage and
waste management.
Selection of Guidance notes:
1. Ways to involve benficiaries and vulnerable categories;
2. Possibility for maintenance and upgrading of shelters;
3. Attention to problems mentioned.
C. SPHERE in use
Narrative
General
objectives
1.
2.
3.
Specific
objective
1.
Expected
results
1.1.
1.2.
Activity
1.1.1.
1.1.2.
1.2.1.
SPHERE
and the Logframe
IOV
Sources of
Verification
Risks and
assumptions
Charter
Charter and
Standard
Indicators
Guidance notes
C. SPHERE in use
Ex. of logframe with
SPHERE indicators
(from OXFAM)
Narrative
IOV
Sources of
Verification
General
objectives
Contribute to improve
health conditions of
refugees and local
inhabitants
Improvement % of
the main health
indicators
• statistic information
collected by WHO
Specific
objectives
Level of water connected
disease in 8.000 refugees
and 20.000 local
inhabitants reduced to
pre-war levels
• decrease in waterconnected disease
by 20% within 6
months
• Survey
•Interim evaluation.
• Final evaluation
Expected
results
1. Within 6 months 8.000
refugees will have
adeguate, appropriate
and safe hygienic
services
• women may safely
use hygienic service
• 400 latrines
appropriately
constructed/used
• minimum distance
of 50 meters
between household
and latrines
• latrine monitoring
record
• Focus Group : women
Activity
1.1.1. Consultation with women to identify suitable sites for hygienic
services
1.1.2. Construction of 400 gender-segregated latrines conforming to
international standards
1.1.3. Training and equipping 40 people responsible for latrines
[…]
Risks and
assumption
C. SPHERE
in use
Indicators
How to monitor
indicators
Source of
Verification
Frequency
of data
collection
Monitoring
record
Daily
Water quality Water quality
=
analysis
international
standards
Women have
safe access
to toilets
Average
availability of
water = at
least 15 l
/person/day
Person in
charge
Reporting
system
Decision
making
process
Person
responsible
for water
points
Visit by
engineer
every 3 days
Weekly team
meeting
weekly
Hydraulic
engineer
Weekly team
meeting
Immediate
intervention
in case of
irregular
standards
Record of
latrine
monitoring
daily
Person
responsible
for latrines
Weekly PM
monitoring
visit
Weekly team
meeting
Focus Group
with women
monthly
PM
C. SPHERE
in use
Use of indicator
“each person shall have
access to 250 g soap per
month”
Helps to make an estimation
of the cost of the operation in
relation to the number of
beneficiaries to cover with
the intervention
Garantees monitoring
elements and evaluation,
redefining the operation as
required. Makes the NGO
responsible for its
operation
Orientates the defined
quantity appropriately
following indications in the
guidance notes and helps
plan distribution efficiently.
Garantees efficient
monitoring
Verifies the necessity on
the basis of available
quantity and steers the
assessment following
indicators in guidance
notes
Draws up an appropriate
budget and plans for any
unforeseen events following
precise quantification
Formulates an appropriate
response to the needs of
single beneficiaries and
elaborates a kit conforming
to minimum standards, or
different (in this case giving
motivation for the
difference)
D. SPHERE and NGO
the future
Reference
manual
AUTOTRAINING
 SPHERE manual
 PCM-ECHO manual
 SPHERE website
 ECHO evaluation manual
 DAC evaluation manual
 DRN Solint manual
TECHNICAL TRAINING AND COMPARISON
 The internal comparison for the definition
of an NGO approach
 Technical training on location and in Italy
The end