Transcript Early Flight to World War I - University of South Florida

Airpower Today:
The
Global War
On Terrorism
“Almost every captain in the Air Force who
flies airplanes has combat experience…
virtually every engineer, security forces
troop and medic in the Air Force has
deployed…This is a veteran, hardened
combat force…They have been shot at.
They know what it’s like.
When we go, wherever we go,
we’re going to be at the peak
of our game.”
General John P. Jumper
CSAF, 2001 - 2005
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Overview
•The Global War on Terror
•Background
•Launching a War on terrorism
•The Military Campaign
•Operation ENDURING FREEDOM
•Background
•Lessons Learned
3
Overview
•Operation IRAQI FREEDOM
•Background
•Emerging Lessons Learned
• USAF GWOT Lessons Learned
• USAF CONOPS
• US National Lessons Learned
• CFD Review
4
The Global War on Terror
Background
•OEF marked the beginning of a
broader U.S., and international, global
war on terrorism but our enemies
actually declared war on us through
acts and words years earlier
Sheik Rahman
Osama bin Laden5
The Global War on Terror
Background
• The 1983 suicide bomb attack against U.S.
Marines in Lebanon was our first introduction
to this war—220 Marines were killed in the
attack
•The first World Trade Center bombing in Feb
1993 killed six and injured over 1,000 people
World Trade Center
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Parking Garage
The Global War on Terror
Background
• In 1996, Osama bin Laden issued his
fatwa or “Declaration of War Against
the Americans Occupying the Land of
the Two Holy Places.”
7
The Global War on Terror
Background

In 1996 the USAF facility at Khobar Towers
was attacked with a truck bomb. 19 USAF
Airmen were killed in the attack
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The Global War on Terror
Background
•U.S. Embassies bombings in Nairobi,
Kenya and Dar el Salaam, Tanzania in
1998.
•The U.S. retaliated with
strikes against Sudan
and Afghanistan.
•The USS Cole was attacked
in Yemen killing 17 Americans
US Embassy Nairobi
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USS Cole
The Global War on Terror
Background
•On September 11, 2001 an attack was launched
on the U.S. using airliners as piloted missiles to
kill Americans
• Two airliners crashed into the World Trade
Center twin towers (3K dead, towers destroyed)
• A third airliner crashed into the Pentagon
• The fourth airliner crashed into a field in
western PA
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The Global War on Terror
Background
• The attacks on 11 September motivated the
U.S. to initiate the Global War on Terrorism
• The first battle zone…Afghanistan and the
Taliban
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Launching The War on Terror
 U.S, Announces two pronged approach
• First, we would go after the terrorists
• "Our war on terror begins with al Qaeda, but
it does not end there. It will not end until
every terrorist group of global reach has
been found, stopped and defeated."
• Next, we would go after their supporters
• "Every nation, in every region, now has a
decision to make. From this day forward,
any nation that continues to harbor or
support terrorism will be regarded by the
United States as a hostile regime."
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Launching The War on Terror



Establishment of the Department of
Homeland Security
American diplomats forged different
coalitions of nations willing to engage in
the war on terrorism in a variety of ways
Law enforcement agencies, at home and
abroad, would work around the clock to
uproot terror networks and disrupt
potential attacks
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Launching The War on Terror



Financial regulators and law enforcement
would combine forces to deprive terrorists
of sources of financial support
Reserves and the National Guard
would patrol U.S. skies and bolster
the security of airports and other
public places
U.S. intelligence community redoubled
efforts to gain needed intelligence and
prepare for a series of covert actions
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Launching The War on Terror
 Global Perspective
 Broader than just Afghanistan
• The Philippines
• Bosnia
• Africa
 Introduction to the Doctrine of
Preemption
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OEF Military Operations
• The US began military operations in
Afghanistan on 7 Oct 2001
• U.S. air assets achieved air superiority
within 3 days
• Taliban government fell within two months
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OEF Military Operations

U.S. Objectives for OEF
• To make clear to the Taliban leaders and their
supporters that harboring terrorists is
unacceptable and carried a price;
• To acquire intelligence to facilitate future
operations against al Qaeda and the Taliban
regime that harbored the terrorists;
• To develop relationships with groups in
Afghanistan that oppose the Taliban regime
and the foreign terrorists that they support;
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OEF Military Operations

U.S. Objectives for OEF (continued)
• To make it increasingly difficult for the
terrorists to use Afghanistan freely as a base
of operation;
• To alter the military balance over time by
denying to the Taliban the offensive systems
that hamper the progress of the various
opposition forces; and
• To provide humanitarian relief to
Afghans suffering truly oppressive
living conditions under the Taliban
regime.
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OEF Military Operations

A new style of warfare.
• Special Operations Forces +
anti-Taliban Afghan forces +
long-range air power
• ISR assets provided U.S. forces with persistent
surveillance
• Special Op Forces provided indispensable
HUMINT while manned and unmanned
surveillance aircraft patrolled the skies
• Radar systems, electro-optical and infrared
cameras, and signals intelligence systems
guided attacks against al Qaeda and Taliban
targets.
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Air and Space Power and OEF

Strategic Attack: Taliban headquarters
and leadership, Al Qaeda training camps,
and electrical power systems were
targeted

Counterair: Airfields, air
defense nodes, comm
nodes were also targeted
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Air and Space Power and OEF

Information Operations: C-130
“Commando Solo” aircraft transmitted
radio broadcasts to the Afghani people
assuring them that coalition forces were
there to help. This was a key effort to
ensure the support of the populace.
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Air and Space Power and OEF
• After approximately 2 weeks of bombing,
application shifted from air supremacy to
supporting surface forces.
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Air and Space Power and OEF

Airlift: Special operations forces were
delivered to remote areas via
C-130s and re-supplied by C-17
and C-130 airdrops

Special Ops Employment: USAF Special
Ops troops traversed the backcountry on
horseback to locate enemy
forces and send recon info to
command centers by satellite
link and also to loitering
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aircraft
Air and Space Power and OEF

Counterland: Bomber aircraft like the B52 and B-1 realized evolved interdiction
and close air support (CAS) roles.
• AC-130 Gunships
• F-15/16 strafing runs
• CAS was deciding factor in several later
battles including “Roberts Ridge”
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Air and Space Power and OEF


Intelligence, Surveillance, and
Reconnaissance:
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
technology saw increased employment
• Global Hawk, Predator, and Shadow UAVs
• Predator drones equipped with Hellfire
missiles and laser target designators
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Air and Space Power and OEF
• Airpower used across the entire spectrum,
in conjunction with ground forces, allowed
the Taliban to be removed from power and
forced al Qaeda to flee.
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OEF Lessons Learned

Lessons about warfare in the new age
• The potential of highly networked joint
operations
• The Lethality of Special Ops Forces on
the ground when combined with
sophisticated overhead reconnaissance
systems
• Modern communications systems
dramatically shortened the kill
chain time
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OEF Lessons Learned
• Joint and Combined Operations Technology
worked well
• Combined forces interaction with Afghani
forces was positive
•Joint Command structure took too long to
establish
• Once established Command and Control
(net-centric warfare) highly successful
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OEF Lessons Learned





UAV ability to operate and provide real time
intel in any weather was a plus
New ordinance developed specifically for
Afghanistan worked well
Strategic Airlift and Air Refueling
worked exceptionally well but
were stretched too thin
ISR in all aspects worked well, but more
bandwidth is needed for communications
HUMINT was very weak
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OEF Lessons Learned
 Strategic airlift, supported by Air Refueling, allows
the U.S. to conduct expeditionary operations in the
most remote areas of the world
 More Intratheater airlift needed
 Aircraft range/endurance capabilities
must be improved to ease the strain
on limited refueling assets and crews
 Advances in ISR and communications technology
afforded the U.S. military the ability to link ground
and air forces to ISR information
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OEF Lessons Learned
 The combination of technologies and
advancements above provided
unprecedented C4I capabilities
 Integrated Common Operating Picture
allowed commanders to view battlefield
developments and direct operations from
7,000 miles away
 Advancements in communications
networks improved interoperability between
the services by allowing information
sharing
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OEF Lessons Learned

Video – Operation Anaconda: The Battle
of Robert’s Ridge
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OIF Background
• After major combat ops in Afghanistan
ended, the U.S. shifted focus to Saddam
Hussein’s regime.
• The
Cease Fire Agreement for the Gulf War
was codified in UN Resolution 687. Iraq was
testing/breaking these agreements
34
OIF Background

Paragraph #8 stated that Iraq must
“…unconditionally accept the destruction,
removal, or rendering harmless, under
international supervision of:”
• All chemical/biological weapons
• All ballistic missiles with range greater
than 150 Km
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OIF Background


Paragraph #12 addressed
nuclear capabilities, stating
that Iraq must “…agree not
to acquire or develop nuclear
weapons or nuclear-weapon-usable
material
Paragraph #32, with regards to terrorism,
stated that “…it [Iraq] will not commit or
support any act of international terrorism
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OIF Background



12 September 2002: President Bush
addressed the UN General Assembly to
highlight observed violations and attempt
to gather further international support for
action against Iraq.
16 Oct 2002: President Bush signed the
Iraq War Resolution
8 Nov 2002: The U.N.
Security Council passes
Resolution 1441
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OIF Background

Dr. Blix (chief UN investigator)
report

February 2003, Secretary Powell
addressed the UN Security
Council
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OIF Background
•16 Mar 2003: President Bush demands senior
leaders leave Iraq within 48 hours
• 19 Mar 2003: President Bush addressed the
nation stating that military operations had
begun in Iraq
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OIF Campaign
•OIF Air Campaign = Operations NORTHERN
and SOUTHERN WATCH
• OIF = Not a single Iraqi Combat Sortie
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OIF Campaign
• ISR: Of the 1,801 aircraft used during OIF, 80
aircraft were dedicated to the ISR mission
• 1,000 sorties collected 3,200 hours of
streaming video, 2,400 hours of SIGINT, and
42,000 battlefield images
• ISR managed from the CAOC located at PSAB,
under the command of the (CFACC), Lt. General
Moseley
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OIF Campaign
• Strategic Attack: On 5 Apr 2003 coalition
forces attacked General Ali Hassan Majid’s
(“Chemical Ali”) home
• 7 Apr 2003: Strategic Attack operations
continue as U.S. planes attack a building
targeting Saddam & sons
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OIF Timeline
• Counterair: 21 Mar 2003: Special Ops
Forces took control of two airfields
• Numerous Counterair and Interdiction
missions were conducted throughout OIF
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OIF Timeline
• Counterland: 24 Mar 2003: B-52 aircraft
interdict Republican Guard positions
South of Baghdad
•Counterland Historical Perspective
•Battle of the Bulge
•Battle of Baghdad
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OIF Timeline
•Counterspace
•SCA
•OIF Roles
•Weather
•ISR
•GPS
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OIF Timeline
• Airlift/Refueling: 24,196 sorties during
initial phase of OIF
•6,193 refueling sorties--376.4 million
pounds of fuel
•OIF/OEF airlift one of the most
extensive in history
•Airlift Shortfall Issues
•10 million ton miles per day
short
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OIF Lessons Learned
• Joint Operations have matured!!!
•Conventional forces and Special
Ops forces integrated well
•Precision munitions continuing
to improve
• Fratricide prevention and
combat identification systems
need attention
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OIF Lessons Learned
•Improve cumbersome deployment planning
and execution processes
• Improve information sharing at all levels
•Need more bandwidth
• HUMINT capabilities must be improved to
meet new GWOT challenges
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USAF GWOT
Lessons Learned
• USAF strategic planners must develop new
concepts of deterrence to counter
a wide range of non-traditional
adversaries and asymmetric threats
• New technologies are now widely available to
potential adversaries
• USAF first line of homeland defense
• Continue to refine its expeditionary culture
and strategic agility
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USAF GWOT
Lessons Learned
• Joint, allied and coalition operations require
precise real-time command and control
• USAF must achieve decision cycle dominance
to strike adversaries before they can mount an
effective defense
• There will be an increased demand for
precision in warfare
• Air Force will require robust, effects-based
information operations capabilities that can
deny, manipulate, or significantly degrade
adversary C4ISR.
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USAF CONOPS
• “Our goal is to make warfighting effects, and
the capabilities we need to achieve them, the
drivers for everything we do. The centerpiece of
this effort is the development of new Task Force
CONOPS that will guide our planning and
programming, requirements reform, and
acquisition.” General John P. Jumper
CSAF, 2001 - 2005
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USAF CONOPS
• Homeland Security CONOPS
• Space and Command, Control,
Communications, Computers, Intelligence,
Surveillance, and Reconnaissance CONOPS
• Global Mobility CONOPS
• Global Strike CONOPS
• Global Persistent Attack CONOPS
• Nuclear Response CONOPS
• The Agile Combat Support CONOPS
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U.S. National Lessons
Learned from GWOT
• Wars in the 21st century will
increasingly require use of all
elements of national power
• The ability of forces to communicate and
operate seamlessly on the battlefield will be
critical to our success in future wars
• Wars are best fought by coalitions of the
willing—but they should not be fought by
committee
• Defending the United States requires
prevention and sometimes preemption
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U.S. National Lessons
Learned from GWOT
• The United States must rule nothing out in
advance
• Victory in the war against terrorism requires
steady pressure on the enemy, leaving him no
time to rest and nowhere to hide
• The new and the high-tech have not totally
replaced the old and conventional
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U.S. National Lessons
Learned from GWOT
•The United States must link military operations
directly with humanitarian assistance, radio
broadcasts, rewards, and other efforts
• American leaders must be straight with the
American people
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U.S. National Lessons
Learned from GWOT
• The United States must not make the mistake
of believing that terrorism is the only threat of
the 21st century. Terrorism is a deadly
asymmetric threat but not the only possible
one.
Chinese Forces on parade
India – Pakistan dispute
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Review of CFD Model
 Distinctive Capabilities: Air and space
expertise, capabilities and technological
know-how that produces superior military
capabilities
 Functions: Broad, fundamental and
continuing activities of air and space
power
 Doctrine: fundamental principles which
military forces guide their actions in
support of national objectives
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Time
Period
GWOT
Distinctive
Capabilities
Global Attack
Agile
Combat Support
Precision Engagement
Rapid Global Mobility
Air/Space Superiority
Information Superiority
Air
Force:
2025
The Future Air Force:
2025
(Students will fill in
this area.)
Functions
(missions)
Strategic Attack, Counterair,
Counterspace, Counterland,
Countersea, Information Ops,
Combat Support, Command
and Control, Airlift, Air
Refueling, Spacelift, Special
Ops, Intelligence, Surveillance
and Reconnaissance, Combat
Search and Rescue,
Navigation and Positioning,
Weather Services
Doctrinal Emphasis
CONOPS
Homeland Security
Space, C4, ISR
Global Mobility
Global Strike
Global Persistent
Attack
Nuclear Response
Agile Combat Support
Summary
Expeditionary
Medal
•The Global War on Terror
•Background
•Launching a War on terrorism
•The Military Campaign
•Operation ENDURING FREEDOM
•Background
•Lessons Learned
Service
Medal
Highly recommended reading for all AF officers
and a CSAF reading selection: “The Crisis of Islam”
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Summary
•Operation IRAQI FREEDOM
•Background
•Emerging Lessons Learned
• USAF GWOT Lessons Learned
• USAF CONOPS
• US National Lessons Learned
• CFD Review
Expeditionary
Medal
Service
Medal
60
Final thought for you as future leaders
of the USAF:
•The GWOT is still very much a current
event and a conflict we must win!
•How long will it take…
•How vigilant do we need to be…
•Are you ready???
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