Transcript Plasticizers - Lafayette College

Estrogenic Project
BI 242 Environmental Science
Rachel Coughlin
Sarah Laudenslager
Meghan Maginnis
Michael Southerton
The Endocrine System
Controls biological processes
Consists of Glands (Pituitary, Adrenal,
Thyroid, Pineal)
Hormones are produced by the Glands
When the Hormones are released they
bind with receptors (plasma membrane or
intracellular) located in certain organs and
tissues.
This binding equals biological activity
Effects of Endocrine Disrupters
Endocrine Disrupters are chemicals that
interfere with the natural Endocrine
System
They “trick” the body into believing they
are natural hormones
Mimic
Trigger
Block

http://www.mindfully.org/Water/Wastewater-Contaminants-US-StreamsMar02.htm
What is the Government Doing?
In 2003, 2004, 2005, the Bush
administration tried to cut all EPA funding
for independent scientists who do
Endocrine-Disrupting research.
Total Budget for those three years was a
combined 15 million dollars.
By comparison, Japan recently spent 135
million dollars on a research program.

http://bb.desales.edu/@@6212558F3460BDB0A498840036A3CF7C/courses/1/BI242-
What We Did
 Testing of Lehigh Valley Wastewater Treatment
Plants
 We looked for the concentration of the EDC
Estradiol in the influent (pre-treatment water)
and the effluent (post-treatment water) over the
course of three years.
Upper Saucon
Easton
Philipsburg
Nazareth
Bath
Allentown
But First…
A little more about EDC’s…
EDC Disaster???
Insecticides
 Pesticides are intentionally released
 Operate by killing the insect or otherwise preventing it from engaging
in behaviors deemed destructive
 Little is known about the extent of environmental transport and fate of
these compounds.
 Many believed to be Endocrine Disrupting Compounds
 Interfere with endocrine systems of humans and wildlife
 DES and methoxychlor – delay ovulation in adult rats
 Dicofol- retards reproductive development in alligators
• Alters concentrations of sex steroid hormones
 PCB- alter sexual determination in turtles
 Vinclozolin- delay puberty in rats
(Crews 2000)
(Lyons 1999)
Chlordane
IUPAC Name: 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7methanoindene
C10H6Cl8
 First used in the 1940s as an insecticide
Usage was restricted to termite killing in 1978
Banned in 1988
Garages and soil still have remnants of previous chlordane usage
 Not flammable, but may decompose in flammable solvents
Chlordane decomposes to produce toxic fumes that include chlorine,
phosgene (mustard gas), and hydrogen chloride.
(Stuart 2001)
Transported
 Major sources of transport are through the air and water
 Enters atmosphere by: soil erosion by wind, dust and sprays
 Enters aquatic systems by: surface runoff and rainfall
 Absorbed into the bottom sediments
 Can last from 3-15 years
 Highest samples are found closest to where it was sprayed
Effects on Humans
 Convulsions, seizures, coma, respiratory depression
 It is considered a toxic systemic poison that is absorbed well by
inhalation, and through the skin
 On occasion, has been found in breast milk, as has oxychlordane
the stable metabolite.
(Eisler 1990)
Studies Exhibiting Endocrine Effects
 To determine the combined affect of environmental chemicals on hormonal activity
 estrogen receptors from either an Alligator (aER) or Human (hER) were incubated with one
of three chemicals: Chlordane, dieldrin, and toxaphene.
 Chlordane, dieldrin, and toxaphene individually demonstrated no significant
displacement of 17ß-estradiol from aER and hER at the concentration tested.
 A combination of these chemicals; however, inhibited the binding of 17ß-estradiol by
20 to 40% (Arnold 1997).
 Toxicologist John A. McLachlan did a similar study involving a combination of these
three compounds.
 Inserted human estrogen receptors into yeast cells and a chemical response
system that turned yellow when activated
 Chlordane and the compounds, taken individually, are weak when mimicking
estrogen
 When chlordane was combined with another compound they acted
synergistically and created an effect almost as toxic as dieldrin (insecticide
endocrine disrupting compound). (Raloff 1996).
Effect of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on sex determination in the red eared slider turtle
•Analysis of yolk from alligator eggs identified different compounds in
different amounts
•Same concentrations were applied to red-eared slider turtle eggs
•Significant number reversed sexes
•Influenced steroid hormone levels after hatching (low compared to
the amount of natural estrogen)
•Data suggests that even at very low concentrations, endocrine
disruptors found in the environment carry risk (Crews 2000).
Air Concentrations (ng/m )
3
Between Bermuda
and Rhode Island
(1973)
<0.005-0.9
Southern
Hemisphere
(various locations1980-1984)
0.005-0.19
Northern
Hemisphere
(Atlantic Ocean1973-1978)
0.009-0.084
Pacific Ocean
(1979-1981)
0.013
Fresh Water Concentrations
(ng/L)
Iraq, TigrisEuphratesDelta (1986)
57
Urban runoff
100
Lower
Mississippi
River
1.2-4
(Eisler 1990)
Soil Concentrations (ng/kg)
Seawater Concentrations
(ng/L)
Sargasso Sea
Northern Pacific
Ocean and
Bering Sea
Tokyo Bay, Japan
United States Croplands
1970-80,000
1971-60,000
1972-50,000
Residential
Areas- 1975
(upper 7.6 cm)
5.4*10^6
National Parks
5.0*10^6
<10
40-50
Sediment Concentrations (ng/kg)
2
Stream beds,
drainage ditches
(Nova Scotia)
0-6.64*10^5
Bottom muds
<100-3100
(Ontario, Canada)
(Eisler 1990)
Streams,
4000-8000
Tributaries to San
Francisco Bay
Estradiol vs. Chlordane
(Gordon 2004)
Chlordane is 10,000 times weaker than estradiol
Works Cited
•Crews, David. (2000, September). Endocrine Disruptors: Present Issues, Future Directions.
The Quarterly Review of Biology. 75, 243-260. Retrieved March 19, 2006 from
EBSCO.Stuart, Bennent M. (2001). Chlordane. Retrieved March 20, 2006 : http://www.thepiedpiper.co.uk/th13(k).htm
•Eisler, Ronald. (1990, July). Chlordane Hazards to Fish, Wildlife and Invertebrates: A
Synoptic Review. Contaminant Hazard Reviews. 85, 1-62. Retrieved March 20, 2006:
http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/infobase/eisler/CHR_21_Chlordane.pdf
•Arnold, Steven F. (1997, March). in vitro Synergistic Interaction of Alligator and Human
Estrogen Receptors with Combinations of Environmental Chemicals. Environmental Health
Perspectives. 103, 1. Retrieved March 20, 2006: http://www.ehponline.org/docs/1997/Suppl3/arnold.html
•Lyons, Gwynne. (1999, December). Endocrine Disrupting Pesticides. Pesticides News. 46,
16-19. Retrieved March 19, 2006. http://www.pan-uk.org/pestnews/actives/endocrin.htm
•Raloff, J. (1996, June). `Estrogen' pairings can increase potency. Science News. 149, 356.
Retrieved March 20, 2006 from EBSCO.
•Gordon, John D. Detection of Estrogen Receptor Endocrine Potency of Commonly Used
Organochlorine Pesticides Using the LUMI-CELL Bioassay. Organohalogen Compounds. 66,
196-174. Retrieved March 20, 2006: http://www.dioxins.com/pdfdocs/LUMICELL%20ER%20Pesticides%20Dioxin%202004.pdf
Plasticizers
Danger may lurk in the most
unexpected places.
Plasticizers
Plasticizers:
Small, often volatile molecules that are
added to hard, stiff plastics to make them
softer and more flexible.

From http://www.epa.gov/envirohealth/children/background/glossary.htm
Types of Plasticizers
Pthalate-based Plasticizers
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phalate (DEHP)
Diisononyl phthalate (DINP)
Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP)
Bis(n-butyl)phthalate (DnBP, DBP)
Diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP),

From http://www.answers.com/topic/plasticizer
More Types of Plasticizers
Adipate-based plasticizers
Used for low-temperature or resistance to
ultraviolet light
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (DOA)
Dimethyl adipate (DMAD)
Monomethyl adipate (MMAD)
Dioctyl adipate (DOA)

From http://www.answers.com/topic/plasticizer
Still More Types of Plasticizers
Trimellitates
used in automobile interiors and other
applications where resistance to high
temperature is required
Trimethyl trimellitate (TMTM)
Tri-(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate (TEHTM-MG)
Tri-(n-octyl,n-decyl) trimellitate (ATM)

From http://www.answers.com/topic/plasticizer
Other Plasticizers
Maleates
Benzoates
Epoxidized Vegetable Oils
Sulfonamides
Phosphates
Glycols / Polyethers

From http://www.answers.com/topic/plasticizer
Phthalates
 Most Common type of Plasticizer
 “Phthalates migrate to the surface of plastics, and can then evaporate or
leach into the surrounding environment. This limits the usefulness of
phthalate plasticizers, as they eventually migrate out of plastics entirely, and
as a result the plastics become brittle 2. The release of phthalates into the
environment represents an environmental hazard as well. Because of the
widespread use of phthalates, they have become one of the most abundant
industrial pollutants in the environment.”

From http://www.carbohydrateeconomy.org/library/admin/uploadedfiles/Biochemical_Plasticizers.html

Photo from http://www.answers.com/topic/phthalates
Where are Phthalates Found?
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Food Packaging
Children’s Toys
Medical Devices
Cling Wrap
Vinyl Tiles
Traffic Cones
Food Conveyer Belts
Artificial Leather
Plastic Foams
From http://www.answers.com/topic/plasticizer
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Shoes
Garden Hoses
Building Materials
Cellulose Plastics
Food Wraps
Adhesives
Perfumes
Cosmetics
Health Concerns
Health Care Without Harm
“Aggregate Exposures to Phthalates in
Humans” – July 2002
Analyzed and exposed many concerns
regarding human contact with phthalates
http://www.noharm.org/details.cfm?type=d
ocument&id=796
Health Care Without Harm Findings
Who is exposed?
 Young, developing organisms are more vulnerable to
exposure to phthalates than adults
 In particular, the developing male reproductive tract
appears to be the most sensitive to exposure to several
phthalates.
 Effects on the liver, kidneys, lungs, and blood clotting are
also of concern.
 Women of reproductive age experience some of the
highest exposure levels to phthalates - a special concern
because phthalates can interfere with normal
reproductive tract development of developing boys
during pregnancy.
 Children also have elevated levels of some phthalates.
Health Care Without Harm Findings
How are people exposed?
Direct Exposure
Direct use of cosmetics or exposure to medical
devices containing Phthalates
Indirect Exposure
Puts general population at risk
Exposure through discarded products, causing
“Worldwide Ecosystem Contamination.”
Phthalate Exposure and Early
Thelarche
 In 2000, Colon, I, D Caro, CJ Bourdony, and O.
Rosario. Released their findings that that since
1969 4,674 cases of Thelarche (the premature
growth of breasts in girls) in Puerto Rico. This
included the development of breast in a 23
month old child.
 They documented the Thelarche as being a
result of Phthalates present in the water supply.

http://bb.desales.edu/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab=courses&url=/bin/common/course.pl?course_id=_3897_1
Dangerous Levels
 The June 1998 edition of Consumer Reports
sought to find the migration of phthalates from
plastic wrappers to cheese slices.
 The study provides an indication of the danger
of Phthalates.
 They identified three levels of contamination:
Very High (50 to 160 parts per million)
Moderate (1 to 4 parts per million)
Little to No Contamination

From www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/Hormone-Mimics-In-Food.htm
Avoiding Phthalates

http://www.charityadvantage.com/mhop/whatyoucandotoreduce.asp
HAIRSPRAY-Phthalate Free
DEODORANTS-Phthalate Free
Aussie Mega Styling Spray
Helene Curtis Finesse Touchables Silk Protein Enriched
Helene Curtis Thermasilk Heat Activated Firm Hairspray
Suave Naturals Aloe Vera Extra Hold Hairspray
Certain Dri Anti-Perspirant Roll-On
Dove Powder Anti-Perspirant Deodorant
Lady Speed Stick Soft Solid Anti-Perspirant
Secret Anti-Perspirant & Deodorant
Platinum Protection Ambition Scent
Soft & Dri Anti-Perspirant Deodorant Clear Gel
FRAGRANCES-Phthalate Free
HAIR GEL Phthalate Free
All of the fragrances we tested contained phthalates.
Physique Extra Control Structuring Gel
HAIR MOUSSE-Phthalate Free
NAIL POLISH-Phthalate Free
Finesse Touchables Silk Protein Enriched Mousse
Helene Curtis Thermasilk Heat Activated
Mousse for Fine/Thin Hair
L'Oreal Paris Studio Line: Springing Curls Mousse
Kiss Colors Nail Polish
L'Oreal Jet Set Nail Enamel
L'Oreal Jet-Set Quick Dry Nail Enamel
Maybelline Shades of Your Nail Color
Naturistics 90 Second Dry! Super Fast Nail Color
Revlon Nail Enamel
Revlon Super Top Speed
Urban Decay
Personal Care Products:
phthalates
DEHP
di(2-ethylhexyl)
Homer doesn’t allow cosmetics under
his roof…should you?
Chemicals
 DEHP is a plastcizer in chemical form: di(2-ethylhexyl
 Phthalic Acid, Di(2-ethylhexyl) Ester
Molecular Formula: C24H38O4
Abbreviations: DEHP, MEHP [mono(2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate], PVC (polyvinyl chloride), PP (peroxisome
proliferation).
Synonyms and Trade Names: 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic
acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester; Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate;
Compound 889; Di(2-ethylhexyl) orthophthalate; Di(2ethylhexyl) phthalate; Ergoplast FDO; 2-Ethylhexyl
phthalate; Vestinol AH; Vinicizer 80; Witcizer 312
Molecular formulae:
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate;
C24H38O4
390.56 g/mol
117-81-7
Physical and Chemical Properties of
DEHP
 DEHP is a colorless liquid with almost no odor
 Solubility: insoluble in water
 Water 41 μg/L at 25 ECa
 Organic solvent(s) Miscible in mineral oil and
hexane
 Soluble in most organic solvents
Potency Compared to Estradiol
Estradiol
DEHP
Potency (cont.)
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) showed
no estrogenic activity within in vitro
phthalate plasticiser DEHP (di-2-ethylhexyl
phthalate) measured estrogenic potency is
very weak
Sources
 DEHP is widely used in medical devices, flooring, auto parts, and
many other products.
 DEHP is a phthalate ester widely used as a plasticizer to make
polyvinyl chloride (PVC or vinyl) medical products soft and flexible
and to increase moisturizing properties of some personal care
products
 It is used to detect leaks in protective face gear, and as a test
material for filtration systems. It has also been used as a
replacement for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in dielectric fluids
for electric capacitors and in vacuum pumps.
 According to EPA’s Toxics Release Inventory for 2000, reporting
industries released nearly 250,000 pounds of DEHP into the
environment.
Sources (cont.)
 Point sources
-from emissions or spills from sites that use DEHP in their manufacturing
processes.
Diffuse sources, and point sources included in aggregated emissions
data
-its wide use, volatility, & persistence mean that DEHP is widely distributed
in the environment.
Natural sources
-DEHP has been suggested as a possible natural product in some animals
and plants.
Mobile sources
None
Consumer products which may contain Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate
(DEHP)
-DEHP is in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic products like toys, vinyl
upholstery, shower curtains, adhesives, and coatings. It is used in some
food packaging, and medical product containers (including those for blood)
and equipment. It is also used in some inks, pesticides, cosmetics, and
vacuum pump oil
Effects; why are they hard to determine?
 Humans are exposed to substantial levels of DEHP through medical
devices. Hemophiliacs, kidney dialysis patients, and high risk newborns are
particularly heavily exposed.
 The few studies of exposed human populations means that conclusions
about DEHP risks must be based on laboratory animal studies.
 Studies of laboratory animals, supported by very limited human data,
suggest that a wide range of toxic effects occur in exposed mammals.
Insufficient evidence exists to conclude that the toxic mechanisms found in
laboratory animals do not occur in humans.
 Uncertainty about the potential health hazards of DEHP remains.
Quantitative estimates of risk to humans at various stages of life or health,
or of safe levels of exposure, cannot be validated at this time.
 Materials exist which do not contain DEHP or similar plasticizers, and are
currently being used in medical devices. These materials are potentially
safer alternatives to DEHP-containing medical devices.
Effects on Humans
 Health effects
Exposure: from use of medical products packaged in plastic such as blood products
(particularly when used extensively, such as for kidney dialysis), eating some foods
packaged in certain types of plastics or coated papers (ex. fatty foods, milk products,
fish and seafood), soils, drinking contaminated water or breathing air containing
DEHP where it is used or spilled.
Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) enters the body:
DEHP enters the body by breathing the vapors or ingesting it directly or through
contaminated products. Absorption through skin contact is also possible but slow.
Relative health hazard
On a health hazard spectrum of 0 - 3 Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a 1.3. A 3
represents a very high hazard, 2 represents a medium hazard and 1 is harmful to
health. Factors for this ranking are; the extent of the material's toxic or poisonous
nature and/or its lack of toxicity, and the evaluation of its tendency to cause, or not
cause cancer and/or birth defects. It does not take into account exposure to the
substance.
 There is no evidence that DEHP causes serious health effects in humans. Most of
what we know about the health effects of DEHP comes from high exposures to rats
and mice which may not be representative of the effects on humans. Effects
observed in animals were from very high and prolonged doses. Exposure to DEHP in
air did not result in any observed effects. Exposure in food and water resulted in
effects on sperm production, the ability to reproduce and birth defects. Kidney
damage similar to the damage seen in the kidneys of long-term dialysis patients has
also observed.
DEHP is one of a range of phthalates which have been suggested as being able to be
effect human and animal endocrine systems (endocrine disruptors)
Effects of Wildlife, Environment, & Water
and Soil
 Environmental effects
DEHP in the atmosphere is present either as a gas or attached to solid particles. It
breaks down quickly ( 1-2 days) due to the action of other chemicals in the
atmosphere. The solid particles are removed from the atmosphere in 2-3 weeks by
precipitation, wash out by rain, and reaction with other chemicals. DEHP is slightly
prevalent in the environment. Small organisms in surface water or soil break it down
into harmless compounds. It doesn't break down easily in deep soil, or in lake or river
bottoms. It is in plants, fish, and other animals, but animals high on the food chain are
able to breakdown DEHP, so tissue levels are usually low.
Phthalate is slightly present in water but will break down in a few months.
Environmental Transport
DEHP from plastic materials, coatings, and flooring can increase indoor air levels. It
dissolves faster in water if gas, oil, or paint removers are present. DEHP in the
particle-phase is subject to wet and dry deposition. It will be transported in food chain
& broken down and does not usually bioaccumulate. Concentration of DEHP in fish is
expected to be much higher then the concentration in water in which the fish live.
About 42.8% of DEHP will eventually end up in terrestrial soil; about 40% will end up
in aquatic sediments; and about 17% will end up in air.
Relative hazard to the environment
On an environmental spectrum of 0 - 3 Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is 1.2. A 3
represents very high hazard to the environment and 0 a negligible hazard. Factors
include the extent of the material's toxic or poisonous nature and/or its lack of toxicity,
and the measure of its ability to remain active in the environment and whether it
accumulates in living organisms. It does not take into exposure to the substance.
Phthalates as Endocrine Disruptor
Compounds:
 a very significant relationship between a mother's exposure during
pregnancy to phthalates changes in the ways that baby boy's
genitals develop.
 Baby boys with greater phthalate exposure had smaller AGI
(anogenital index). measurements than normal.
 Boys exposed to multiple phthalates simultaneously were also more
likely to have smaller AGI scores.
 Boys with lower AGIs had smaller penis volumes and were more
likely to experience incomplete testicular descent.
 The FDA warns anyone who is exposed to PVC (polyvinyl chloride)
in a medical setting. DEHP is released from medical devices into
solutions that come in contact with this plasticizer. Alternative
methods are suggested when high exposure must take place;
Especially for male neonates, pregnant women carrying male
fetuses and peripubertal males (all having the greatest risk of
negative effects).
EDC’s (cont.)
 A valid human study linked prenatal phthalate exposure to adverse effects on the
male reproductive system.
 The associations between prenatal phthalate exposure and decreased AGI were very
large and highly statistically significant.
 In rodents, fetal exposure to phthalates causes a “phthalate syndrome.” It includes
decreases in AGD, increased frequency of incomplete testicular descent and a birth
defect of the penis called 'hypospadias,' increased risk of testicular cancer in
adulthood, impaired sperm quality and more.
 Scientists studying people found a pattern of male abnormalities called testicular
dysgensis syndrome.' It includes hypospadias, cryptorchidism, impaired sperm quality
and testicular cancer. One potential cause of TDS has been exposure to endocrine
disrupting chemicals like phthalates.
 The changes in AGI were observed at phthalate levels below those found in onequarter of women in the United States, based on CDC’s nationwide sample.
 Women are also denying products with any chemical link to defects (ex. Phthalates)
 One of the key points is DEHP's impact on developing Sertoli cells, cells in the male
reproductive tract that are central to sperm formation. Damaged Sertoli cells during
development lead to sperm maladies in adulthood, including low sperm count. DEHP
does not cause Sertoli damage directly; damage is caused by a metabolite of DEHP,
monoethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP).
Sources Used:
www.epa.gov
www.fda.gov
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp9-c4.pdf
http://www.mindfully.org
http://www.noharm.org
http://www.envirohealthaction.org
http://www.npi.gov
http://lb.chemie.unihamburg.de/static/data2/92_1u
pvg4mr.html
Detergents
Essential to personal and public health
Contribute to good personal hygiene
Reduce germs that cause infectious
diseases
Four categories of detergents
Personal cleansing
Laundry
Dishwashing
Household cleaning
Chemicals found in Detergents
There are many different chemicals that
are found in cleaning detergents
 Acetone
 Benzaldehyde
 Benzyl Acetate
 Linalool
 Nonylphenol
 Ethylene Oxide
Nonylphenol
 Part of the alkylphenol family
 Used as a surfactant in cleaning and cosmetic products and as a
spermicide in contraceptives
 C15H240
 Properties
 Thick, light yellow, color liquid with slight characteristic phenolic odor
 Poorly soluble in water, soluble in alcohols
 Effects
 Shown to have estrogenic properties
 Poisoning decreased weight gain, caused changes in the liver,
hemorrhages
 Stimulates breast tumor cells in vitro
 Increase uterine weight
 Allergenic effect-skin sensitization reaction
 Safe level in drinking water– 0.001mg/l
Nonylphenol (cont.)
 Gets into water through everyday actions
 Washing hands
 Doing the laundry
 Taking showers and baths
 Have been shown to have effects on many aquatic organisms (bound
estrogen receptors)
 Non-occupational exposure does not pose any risk for humans
 To get the same effect with 17B estrodial you need 11,000 times higher
concentration of nonylphenol
 Other effects
 Human males over the past 2 generations have 50% lower sperm counts
 Rising rates of testicular cancer and birth defects (undescended testicles)
 Change of genitals in animals
Estradiol
 Sex hormone labeled as the female hormone but also found in men
because it represents the major estrogen in humans
 Critical for sexual functioning
 Supports bone growth
 Derived from cholesterol
 Androstendione – key intermediary; is converted to testosterone which
undergoes aromatization and then turns into estradiol
 Chemical Formula – C18H24O2
Estradiol (cont.)
 Most is produced in women by the granolusa cells of the ovaries
 Fat cells are active to convert precursors to estradiol, and will
continue to do so even after the menopause
 Effects
 Breast development
 Adding fat to hips, thighs and breasts during puberty
 Improving bone strength and density
 Growth in the uterus
 Participating in triggering ovulation
 Preservation of egg cells
What Did We Find???
Michelle anxiously awaits the results.
Three Year Totals
Influent and efffluent values of estrogenic compounts
in Lehigh Valley wastewater treatment plants
Parts per Trillion of estrogenicn
equivalent
80.0
70.0
60.0
7/20/04 Influent
7/20/04 Influent
50.0
10/8/04 Influent
10/8/04 Effluent
3/14/05 Influent
40.0
3/14/05 Effluent
6/28/05 Influent
30.0
6/28/05 Effluent
3/13/06 Influent
20.0
3/13/06 Effluent
10.0
0.0
Pberg
Easton
Usaucon
Nazareth
Bath
Allentown
wastewater treatment plant
Total Average Part Per Trillion over Three Year Period = 16.3