Transcript IASEE - Universidad Abierta Interamericana

Hopi saying: does this talk grow corn?
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Reality Check:
Education, Research and
Development
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Information
Technology

Teledensity (telephone lines per 100
IT
MARKET SHARE
inhabitants)
•
•
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•
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Industrialized nations is over 48
Middle-income nations around 10
Least advanced countries is about 1.5
World average is 11.5
Informatics gap (PC ratio per 100 inhabitants)
• Industrialized nations is over 18
• Middle-income nations around 2.3
• Least advanced countries is about 0.01
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REST OF
WORLD
21%
JAPAN
15%
USA
35%
EUROPE
29%
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Latin America Y2K
There are hidden resources in Latin America.
•
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100 million without basic education; 44 million illiterate
44% of LAC are poor, 211 million
600
Population Growth By Y2K
Millions
500
400
300
200
100
0
North
America
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Russia
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Europe
Latin
America
4
Who does S&T?

G-7 nations:
• industry does 50-70% of S&T
• resources for S&T come from government and industry
• majority of resources are spent in industry

USA:
• basic R&D sponsored primarily by the government
• applied R&D sponsored primarily by industry and
government
• universities perform basic R&D

Latin America:
• R&D primarily sponsored by the government
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Who does S&T?

Brazil, Costa Rica, Chile, and Cuba are the only
countries in Latin America with greater than 1%
investment of GDP in R&D.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Japan 2.7%
Germany 2.4%
United States 2.4%
Brazil 1.3 %
Canada 1.6%
Spain 0.9%
Russia Less than 0.5%
Latin American average is 0.5%
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Who does S&T?

Expenditure in S&T
•
•
•
•
USA
Canada
Brazil
Spain
$265 billion (68% industry)
$11 billion
$5 billion
$5.4 billion
• Mexico $1.7 billion
• Argentina $1.5 billion

Human Resources in S&T
• USA researchers 1 million
• Latin American researchers 126 k (Brazil 50k, Arg 29k, Mex 15k)
• Spain and Portugal 63k
• Canada 100k
• Rest under 10k
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Scientists and Engineers
Scientists and Engineers in Brazil, South Korea and USA
Industry
100%
12.336
University
Institutes
15.185
80%
70.000
128.500
48.588
60%
56.760
764.500
40%
74.665
20%
0%
8.765
Brazil(1996)
Korea(1997)
USA(1994)
Source: http://.most.go.kr/research-e/3-3.htm
http://www.ifi.unicamp.br/~brito
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Indicators
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Indicators
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Indicators
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Indicators
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Indicators
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Labor Force in R&D

USA and Japan 0.8%

Korea 0.4%

Brazil 0.11%
Mean value in developed nations is 0.54%
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Publications and Patents

OECD nations:
• 14% of world population
• generate 86% of publications and 85% of patents
• 3,000 S&E per 100,000 people
• Invest 2.4% of GNP in R&D

Latin America and Caribbean:
• 300 S&E per 100,000 people
• Invest 0.5% of GNP in R&D
In 1997: LAC over 500 million people, filed 1,708 patents. Israel
over 6 million, filed 1796 patents.
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IEEE information used
around the world
Academic
Corporate Government
Total
Pacific
Rim
Europe
21%
3%
2%
26%
12%
4%
1%
17%
Middle
East/India
1%
0%
1%
2%
S./Central
America
5%
0%
0%
5%
North
America
13%
28%
9%
50%
% of Total
53%
35%
12% 100%
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Higher Education
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LAC: 20% population
• For every 100 individuals 35 finish

OECD: 81% population

Asia: 28%
• Korea: 36%
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Higher Education
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LAC: 1,963 PhD programs, 269 institutions, in 14
countries.
Concentrated in Brazil, Mexico, Cuba, Argentina,
and Venezuela.
Brazil, Cuba, Mexico: 80% of PhD programs.
Limited offer: Chile, Colombia, Peru, Costa Rica and
Uruguay
Extremely low offer: Bolivia, Ecuador, Honduras
and Panama.
No offer: El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua,
Paraguay, and Dominican Republic.
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Higher Education

36% of institutions offer one (1) PhD program

70% of institutions offer 1-5 PhD programs

13% of 2000 institutions in LAC can offer a PhD
program
50% of PhD programs are offered by 7.4% of the total
number of institutions that offer at least 1 program
Majority of PhD programs are concentrated in 1% of the
total number of institutions
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Higher Education

PhD programs:
• Humanities and Social Sciences – 31%
• Natural and Exact Sciences – 27%
• Medicine – 14%
• Technology and Engineering – 14%
• Agro Sciences – 9%
• Earth Sciences and Space – 4.3%
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References

La Oferta de Formación Doctoral en América Latina
• Jesús Sebastián
• Centro de Información y Documentación Científica (CINDOC)
• Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC),
Madrid, España
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NSF Science and Engineering Indicators, 2002
EE Times, October 2000
Informe sobre necesidades de empleo y formacion
en las Nuevas Tecnologias de la Informacion y las
Comunicaciones, Madrid, Marzo 6-7, 2001
Oportunidades y desafíos tecnológicos: La brecha
digital y la revolución biotecnológica. Quindi Franco
y Nelson Viloria, CAF.
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References

Universidade Pública e Desenvolvimento
• Carlos H. de Brito Cruz, Reitor UNICAMP

A Universidade, a Empresa e a Pesquisa que o País
Precisa
• Carlos H. de Brito Cruz, Reitor UNICAMP
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
ISTEC Publications 1990-2001
IEEE presentation to ISTEC Board of Directors, Dr.
Raymond D. Findlay
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