Transcript Document

Sustainable Recycling Industries
Advance raw materials stewardship in developing countries
Promoting green industries in developing countries
UNIDO side event @ BC-COP11, Geneva / Switzerland, 2 May 2013
Mathias Schluep & Rolf Widmer, Empa
Developing countries are endowed with a
variety of resources in large amounts
renewable
non-renewable
secondary
For many developing countries represent a substantial part of their economic
wealth
Dependency on raw materials may also hinder the development process to a
certain extent (the resource curse)
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Seco's engagement in 'raw materials'
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SECO places great importance on ensuring that the exploitation of
agricultural and mineral raw materials benefits the countries and their
populations.
 Switzerland supports bilateral and multilateral programmes (i.e. IMF
and/or the World Bank) to promote a sustainable raw materials sector
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SECO focuses on three areas:
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Non-renewable raw materials
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Renewable agricultural raw materials
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Secondary raw materials from recycled materials
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SECO project examples
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Forest Carbon Partnership Facility
World Bank: REDD readiness,
CHF 9 Mio.
Indexbasierte
Wetterversicherungen (Weltbank),
z.B. Indien
Biotrade Facilitation Program
(UNCTAD, IFC); national Biotradeprogramme Peru, Vietnam
Sustainability standards for
renewable resources: wood,
biofuels, coffee, cotton
Access & Benefit Sharing (ABS) –
bio diversity convention
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(Secondary) resources recovery is mainly
done in the informal sector
~ 25’000 people work in the the
informal plastic recycling
sector in New Delhi, India
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~ 10’000 workers engage in the
informal e-waste recycling
sector in Accra, Ghana
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The uncontrolled conditions in the informal
sector result in various threads
Environ. pollution
Health hazards
Cross contamination
Open cable burning
is a major source
for dioxines
Informal gold
leachers inhale
toxic fumes
The lead content in
recycled plastics
often lies above
legal levels
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Swiss e-Waste programme by SECO in
cooperation with Empa (2003 – 2013)
Colombia
China
■ E-waste assessment and studies
■ Legal framework for e-waste
■ Collective take-back scheme
■ Public-private roundtable
■ Technical research
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E-waste assessment and studies
Legal framework for e-waste
Technical Standards
Bo2W Project
India
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E-waste assessment and studies
Clean e-waste channel for «Cyber
City» Bangalore
e-Waste Agency (EWA)
Alternative business models for
the informal sector
South Africa
Peru
■ E-waste assessment and studies
■ Legal framework for e-waste
■ Capacity building for recyclers
■ Private and public take-back campaigns
■ Public-private roundtable
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■ E-waste assessment and studies
■ Collective take back scheme (eWASA)
■ Green e-waste channels
■ Recycling pilot plant
■ Technical standards and audit schemes
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New Programme 2013 - 2016
Sustainable Recycling Industries (SRI)
«Sustainable Recycling Industries»
addresses the demand for standards
Impact
Development objectives are:
“The sustainable integration and participation of
small and medium enterprises from developing
and transition countries in the global recycling of
secondary non renewable resources”.
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The new programme engages in three
areas
Recycling Initiatives
Secondary raw materials stewardship (global)
India
South Africa
Hazardous substances in
(WEEE) plastics
Recycling of cooling and freezing
appliances
Colombia, Peru, Ghana, Egypt
Sustainable management of e-waste
Life Cycle Inventories (Brazil, Egypt, India, South Africa)
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For the three areas the programme aims
to achieve the following results:
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Output
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Secondary raw materials stewardship:
Policies and standards for the sustainable management of
secondary resources are internationally promoted,
recognized and implemented in SECO partner countries.
Recycling Initiatives:
Local capacities for sustainable recycling industries are
created, aiming at competitive secondary resource
recovery through environmentally and socially sound
processes.
Life Cycle Inventories:
Basic information required to declare and compare the
environmental and social life cycle performance for
industrial activities along the (reverse) supply chains in
developing and transition countries is available and used
for enhancing sustainable trade schemes.
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The Programme organization includes experts in
the field and builds strong local partnerships
Advisory
Council
(CH based)
Programme
Management
Life Cycle
Inventories
Recycling
Initiatives
International experts
Strong local partnerships
(government, industry, NGOs)
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Secondary
raw materials
stewardship
International
Initiatives &
Platforms
International
stakeholder
process
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Secondary Raw Materials Stewardship
Labels or Regulation ?
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Labels and regulations work in
synergy and are complementary
Labels bring awareness & help
in geographic regions where
regulations are insufficient
Regulations may level the
playing ground
commons.wikimedia.org
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Do Labels / Standards help?
www.wikipedia.org
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A label is a piece of paper, polymer, cloth, metal, ... affixed to a container or article, on
which is printed a legend, information concerning the product, addresses, etc.
Technical standard, an established norm or requirement about technical systems
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International standard, standards suitable for worldwide use
Open standard, a standard that is publicly available
Standards organization, an entity primarily concerned with maintaining standards
Standardization, the process of establishing technical standards
Standard operating procedure, a step-by-step instruction to achieve a desired result
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WS3: "Closing resource loops:
Distinguishing good from bad in the secondary commodity market"
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StEP Summer School @ WRF 2011
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Primary Raw Materials
e.g. Conflict Minerals Standards / Product
Ratings
Section 1502 of the Dodd-Frank Act (2011):
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is mandated to
create rules that address potential conflict materials (e.g. blood
diamonds) ... from near the Democratic Republic of the Congo ...
... develop a strategy to address the linkages between human
rights abuses, armed groups, mining of conflict minerals, and
commercial products, and promoted peace and security in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The UN Security Council committee charged with overseeing
conflict minerals issues reported that this legislation was a
"catalyst" for efforts to save lives by cutting off a key source of
funding for armed groups.
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The Initiative for
Responsible
Mining Assurance
(IRMA)
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Secondary Raw Materials
e.g. WEEE Standards / Product Ratings
BAN's Standard based on
World Reuse, Repair and
ISO 14001, OHSAS
Recycling Association
18001, global social
(Fair Trade Recycling)
accountability standard SA
8000, ...
WEEELABEX is a multi-stakeholder project laying
down a set of European standards with respect to
WEEE management
Recycling Industry Operating
Standard (RIOS), comprehensive
environmental, health & safety,
and quality management system that
integrates the best aspects of ISO
14001, ISO 9001, and OHSAS 18001,
R2 Practices, produced by U.S. EPA,
electronics manufacturers (e.g. Dell,
HP) recyclers, trade groups, and
Environmental NGOs the.
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EPEAT® is a comprehensive
environmental rating that helps
identify greener computers and
other electronic equipment.
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The Future: CENELEC WEEE Standard ?
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Comité Européen de
Normalisation
Electrotechnique
(CENELEC) has accepted
the EU mandate for
standardization work in the
field of WEEE
Swiss Association for
Standardization (SNV) is
Switzerland’s interface to
other national and
international standards
networks (ISO, CEN, ...)
What are the challenges ?
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To make informal and formal recyclers in developing
countries compliant (conformity assessments)
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To extend quality indicators of compliant schemes from
hazardous and valuable substances also to the rest (e.g.
critical metals)
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To guarantee tracebility of secondary commodities / raw
materials
RSB a Blueprint?
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RSB is committed to an equitable, open
and transparent standard-setting
process, following the ISEAL Code of
Good Practice for Setting Social and
Environmental Standards
 Set of standards describe the
requirements related to RSB certification
- it applies to any type of feedstock
worldwide
 The RSB EU-RED consolidated
standards is adapted for compliance with
the Renewable Energy Directive, they
received the recognition of the European
Commission on July 19, 2011
TheScientist, Peter and Maria Hoey
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Recycling Initiatives
The recycling Initiatives are focusing on
three main activity lines
Secondary raw materials stewardship
Recycling
Initiatives
Conformity
Assessment
ensure level
playing fields
Technology
Partnerships
promote
appropriate
technologies
Financing
Mechanisms
ensure long
term feasibility
Life Cycle Inventories
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Colombia was partnering with the SECO/Empa
“Swiss e-Waste Programme” since 2009
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An e-waste law based on Extended
Producer Responsibility (EPR) is to be
approved anytime soon.
Planned activities include:
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Policy Implementation: aims at supporting
the ongoing activities in policy development.
 Conformity Assessment: aims at
introducing recycling standards, identifying
and training a conformity assessment body
and establishing a monitoring system in
Colombia.
 Management Systems: aims at supporting
and implementing producer platforms for the
take-back and recycling of e-waste.
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Peru was partnering with the SECO/Empa “Swiss
e-Waste Programme” since 2009
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Published the Reglamento RAEE, an ewaste bill which addresses all e-waste
categories and is based on Extended
Producer Responsibility
Planned activities include:
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Policy Implementation: aims at supporting
the ongoing implementation process of the
e-waste bill.
 Conformity Assessment: aims at
introducing recycling standards, identifying
and training a conformity assessment body
and establishing a monitoring system in
Colombia.
 Management Systems: aims at supporting
and implementing producer platforms for the
take-back and recycling of e-waste.
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Ghana is one of the main hub in Africa for
second-hand EEE and illegal e-waste imports
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Under the Basel Convention “Where are
WEEE in Africa” project, the government
developed a national e-waste strategy.
Planned activities include:
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Conformity Assessment: aims at
introducing recycling standards and initiates
the conformity assessment system.
 Technology Partnerships: aims at
implementing business development
models to transfer harmful recycling
processes into sound processes in
cooperation with the informal sector.
 Financing Mechanisms: aims at
developing incentive mechanisms under the
principle of Extended Producer
Responsibility (EPR).
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Egypt addresses the e-waste challenges through
a multi-stakeholder process under the
government led «Green ICT initiative»
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Local partners (CEDARE) with support of
Empa and under consultation of the
stakeholders related to the Egypt Green ICT
Initiative, executed a “Needs assessment of
the e-Waste Sector in Egypt”
 Planned activities include:
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Conformity Assessment: aims at introducing
recycling standards and initiates the
conformity assessment system.
Technology Partnerships: aims at
implementing a 'youth incubator programme'
for e-waste recycling in the informal sector,
providing financial, administrative, legal, and
technical support.
Financing Mechanisms : aims at developing
incentive mechanisms under the principle of
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR).
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India has been partnering with the SECO/Empa
“Swiss e-Waste Programme” from 2003 - 2008
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In 2011 Toxics Link with support of Empa and
under consultation of stakeholders related to
the new Indian e-waste regulation, executed
a study on improving plastic management in
Delhi related to waste plastic generated from
e-waste.
 Planned activities include:
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Conformity Assessment: aims at supporting
guidelines for the monitoring of in the entire
plastic recycling processing chain.
Technology Partnerships: establish
knowledge partnerships between Indian
stakeholders and the Swiss Plastics Training
and Technology Centre (KATZ).
Financing Mechanisms : develop and test
new financing mechanisms to extract plastics
containing banned and problematic additives
from the market and safely destroy them.
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South Africa has been partnering with the
SECO/Empa “Swiss e-Waste Programme” from
2003 until 2009
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In a local stakeholder consultation “Fair
recycling” in cooperation with Swiss
Contact and Empa assessed the local
demand for a recycling initiative for CFCcontaining cooling appliances.
Planned activities include:
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Assess the feasibility of e-waste
management operations – in particular
recycling of CFC-containing cooling
appliances.
 This includes preparing a business case for
possible investors and the base documents
for a possible carbon credit project.
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Life Cycle Inventories
ecoinvent is a global Life Cycle
Inventory (LCI) database
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More than 4000 international, transparent unit process LCI
datasets
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resource extraction, material & energy supply, chemicals,
metals, agriculture, waste management, transport services, …
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Based on industry data, compiled by independent experts
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Used by more than 4000 members in more than 50 countries
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Included in the leading LCA software and eco-design tools
worldwide
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ecoinvent is a not-for-profit competence centre of 5 Swiss
research institutes
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Swiss Centre
For Life Cycle
Inventories
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There is a demand for Life Cycle
Management in emerging economies
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Environmental issues are increasing dramatically in
emerging economies
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International customers demand supply chain data
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Life cycle-based regulations in developed countries may
cause international trade disputes
Swiss Centre
For Life Cycle
Inventories
→ Strong demand for Life Cycle - based studies and
LCI data
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SRI addresses this demand by
creating capacity and LCI data
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The goal is to:
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Build expertise on life cycle thinking and LCA
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Create capacity for LCI data collection and LCA studies
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Create LCI data for local (and global) studies
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Build regional networks that grow into self-sustaining
competence centers
Swiss Centre
For Life Cycle
Inventories
4 Regions:
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Northern Africa (Egypt)
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Sub-Saharan Africa (South Africa)
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South Asia (India)
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Latin America (Brazil)
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Thank you!
Dr. Mathias Schluep
Empa, Technology and Society Lab
[email protected]
www.empa.ch/tsl
www.ewasteguide.info
Dr. Olivier Bovet
SECO, Trade Promotion
[email protected]
www.seco-cooperation.admin.ch