Heat - Midway ISD
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Transcript Heat - Midway ISD
(11) Science concepts. The student understands the energy changes
that occur in chemical reactions. The student is expected to:
(A) understand energy and its forms, including kinetic, potential,
chemical, and thermal energies;
(B) understand the law of conservation of energy and the processes of
heat transfer;
(C) use thermochemical equations to calculate energy changes that
occur in chemical reactions and classify reactions as exothermic or
endothermic;
(D) perform calculations involving heat, mass, temperature change,
and specific heat; and
(E) use calorimetry to calculate the heat of a chemical process.
Ch. 16
Energy and Chemical
Change
16.1 Energy
Energy-
the ability to do
work or produce heat
2 Forms:
Potential
Energy
Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy
Potential Energy -energy due to the
composition or position of an object.
Ex: water stored behind a dam
depends on composition:
1. the type of atoms
2. the number and type of chemical
bonds joining the atoms
3. the way the atoms are arranged.
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic
Energy – is the
energy of motion
Ex: water flows from the
dam
Chemical
systems contain
both potential and kinetic
energy
Potential
Kinetic
Heat- represented by symbol Qenergy that is in the process of
flowing from a warmer object to
a cooler object
Chemical Potential Energy -
the energy stored in a substance because
of its composition.
Composition is the type, number, and
arrangement of atoms and bonds.
Thermal energy
the energy created by moving
particles inside a substance.
more movement of particles =
more thermal energy
Heat is Thermal energy that is
transferred
Heat is Transferred in 3 ways
Conduction – the way heat moves
through solids. (direct transfer)
Vibrating molecules pass on heat
from molecule to molecule.
Convection – the way heat moves
through gases and liquids.
Heated molecules move AWAY from the
heat and cooler molecules take their
place.
Ex: Hot air rises and cool air sinks
Radiation
Radiation – the way heat moves
through empty space.
Does not need atoms or molecules to
work.
Electromagnetic radiation –
light and heat from the sun,
visible light, microwaves, X-rays,
etc.
Forms of Energy
Wednesday
Phase Changes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?fea
ture=player_embedded&v=YG77v1
PwQNM
Specific
Heat –is the
amount of heat required to
raise the temperature of one
gram of that substance by
one degree Celsius.
each substance has its own
specific heat
Table 16-2 pg 492
Heat of Vaporization
The amount of heat required to
convert unit mass of a liquid into
the vapor without a change in
temperature.
Heat of Fusion
The amount of heat required to
convert unit mass of a solid into
the liquid without a change in
temperature.
Measuring HEAT!!!
Two units for measuring heat
calorie
- the amount of heat
required to raise the
temperature of one gram of pure
water by one degree Celsius
Joule
energy
- SI unit of heat and
1 calorie = 4.184 joules
1000 calorie = 1 Calorie
1J = 0.2390 calories
Table 16-1 Conversion factors and
relationships pg 491
Calories
are nutritional or food
Calories
1 Calorie = 1000 calories
1Calorie = 1 kilocalorie
approximates
the energy
needed to increase the
temperature of 1 kilogram of
water by 1 °C.
Calculating Specific Heat
Q = m x c x ΔT
Q
= heat absorbed or released
m = mass of the sample in
grams
c = specific heat of the
substance
ΔT = difference between final
temperature and initial
temperature, or Tfinal- Tinitial
16.2 Heat in Chemical Reactions
and Processes
Measuring
Heat
Heat changes are measured with a
calorimeter
Lab and worksheet
The temperature of a sample of iron
has a mass of 10.0g changed from
50.4oC to 25.0oC with the release of
114 J of heat. What is the specific
heat of iron?
Q = mc∆T
114 = 10 x c x (50.4-25)
114 = 254c
C = 114/254 = 0.449 J/goC
Calorimeter – an insulated device
used for measuring the amount of
heat absorbed or released during a
chemical or physical process.
Data is the change in temperature
of this mass of the substance.
Determining Specific Heat
Place a hot metal into water.
Heat flows from the hot metal to
the cooler water until the
temperature of the metal and
water are equal.
The heat gained by the water is
equal to the heat lost by the
metal
Calculating Heat
Example
125 g water with an Initial temperature of 25.60C
50 g metal at 1150C is placed in the water.
Heat flows from the hot metal to the cooler water
until the temperature of the metal and water are
equal. Both have a final temperature of 29.3 0C.
Calculate the Heat gained by the water.
Example Part A:
q
q
q
q
=cxm
water =
water =
water =
x /\T
4.184 J/(g x0C) x 125 g x (29.30C – 25.60C)
4.184 J/(g x0C) x 125 g X 3.7 0C
1900 J
Calculating Specific Heat
Example
50 g metal at 1150C is placed in the water.
Heat flows from the hot metal to the cooler water until the
temperature of the metal and water are equal. Both have a final
temperature of 29.3 0C.
Water absorbed 1900 J of heat.
Example Part B: Calculate the Specific Heat of the Metal
c=
q___
m x /\T
c metal = 1900 J
m x /\T
c metal = _______1900 J_________
(50.0 g)(1150C – 29.3 0C)
c metal = ____1900 J_____
(50.0 g)(85.700C)
c metal = 0.44 J/(g x 0C) specific heat of the metal
Look at pg 492 at the table. What is this metal?
Thursday- Lab
Friday- Practice worksheet
Monday
16.3 and 16.4 Enthalpy and
Enthalpy Changes
Enthalpy-
(H) the heat
content of a system at a
constant pressure
A thermochemical equation is a
balanced chemical equation that
includes the physical states of all
reactants and products and the energy
change expressed as the change in
enthalpy, ∆H.
You can’t measure actual enthalpy, but
you can measure change in enthalpy,
which is called enthalpy (heat) of
reaction (ΔH rxn)
Use the table on pg. 510 in your
textbook
ΔH rxn = H final – H initial or
ΔH rxn = H products – H reactants
Example:
What is the heat of reaction for the
following reaction? H2S + 4F2 2HF + SF6
Endothermic Reaction
If the ∆H is shown on the reactants
side, it is endothermic (gaining
energy)
The heat of the reaction will be
positive.
(energy) 27 kJ + NH4NO3 NH4 + NO3
NH4NO3 NH4 + NO3 ΔH = +27 kJ
Energy required to break the bonds in a
reactant is less than released after the
bonds in the product is formed
Exothermic Reaction
If the ∆H is shown on the products
side, it is exothermic (losing
energy)
The heat of the reaction will be
negative.
4 Fe + 3O2 2 Fe2O3 + 1625 kJ (energy)
4 Fe + 3O2 2 Fe2O3
ΔH = -1625 kJ
Energy needed to break the bond in the
reactant is more than energy released
after the bonds in the products are
formed
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ksN-t2mmpvM&feature=related
END
Sign of the Enthalpy of Reaction
Exothermic
reactions have a
negative enthalpy
Hproducts < Hreactants
Endothermic reactions have
a positive enthalpy
Hproducts > Hreactants
16.3 Thermochemical Equations
Enthalpy
(heat) of
combustion- enthalpy
change for the complete
burning of one mole of the
substance
ΔHcomb
Entropy
Measure
of the disorder or
randomness of the particles
that make up a system
Symbolized by S
Molar Enthalpy (heat) of
Vaporization
Heat
required to vaporize
one mole of a liquid
ΔHvap
Endothermic (positive
enthalpy)
Molar Enthalpy (heat) of Fusion
The
heat required to melt
one mole of a solid
substance
ΔHfus
Endothermic (positive
enthalpy)
16.5 Reaction Spontaneity
Spontaneous
processphysical or chemical change
that occurs with no outside
intervention
Law of Disorder
States
that spontaneous
processes always proceed in
such a way that the entropy
of the universe increases
Chemical Energy and the Universe
Thermochemistry – the study of
heat changes that accompany
chemical reactions and phase
changes.
system – the specific part of the
universe that contains the reaction
or process you wish to study.
surroundings – everything in the
universe other than the system
universe – the system
plus the surroundings
universe = system +
surroundings
Example: Using a heat pack to warm your
hands
Heat flows from the heat pack (the
system) to your cold hands (surroundings)
Exothermic - If energy is shown as a
product it means that heat is released.
The heat of the reaction will be
negative.
4 Fe + 3O2 2 Fe2O3 + 1625 kJ (energy)
4 Fe + 3O2 2 Fe2O3 Heat of rxn = -1625 kJ
Example: Using a cold pack on an injured
knee
Heat flows from the knee (the
surroundings) to the cold pack (the
system)
Endothermic – If energy is shown as a
reactant it means that energy is absorbed.
The heat of the reaction will be
positive.
(energy) 27 kJ + NH4NO3 NH4 + NO3
NH4NO3 NH4 + NO3 Heat of rxn = 27 kJ