Transcript How to integrate the theory of second language reading
Building Reading Fluency
Neil J. Anderson, Ph.D.
Brigham Young University Provo, Utah USA [email protected]
http://linguistics.byu.edu/andersonn.php
I had often seen my master and Dick employed in reading; and I had a great curiosity to talk to the books, as I thought they did; and so to learn how all things had a beginning. For that purpose I have often taken up a book, and talked to it, and then put my ears to it, when alone, in hopes it would answer me; and I have been very much concerned when I found it remained silent. (p. 42)
Olaudah Equiano: The Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African
Reading fluency
= Reading at an appropriate
rate
with adequate
comprehension
Reading Fluency
Reading Rate Comprehension
Research Findings on the Value of Fluent Reading
Stanovich (1986) points to a phenomenon identified by Merton (1968) as the "Matthew effect.” Anderson and Coady (1993) conclude that reading rate instruction is justified because most of the subjects after fifty hours of instruction were able to read at least twice as fast and often three times faster that before the training.
Research Findings on the Value of Fluent Reading (continued)
Cushing Weigle and Jensen (1996) reading rate instruction integrated into an academic multiskills course Tindale (2003) suggests that “around 25% of learning time should be devoted to fluency development” (p. 47).
Research Findings on the Value of Fluent Reading (continued)
The vicious and the virtuous cycles of reading ( Nuttall, 1982, pp. 167-168) Doesn’t Understand Enjoys reading Doesn’t read much Reads slowly Understands better Reads faster Doesn’t enjoy reading Reads more
Optimal Reading Rate: Carver
(1990)
Reading Process Processing components Target wpm Scanning Skimming Rauding Learning Memorizing Lexical accessing Semantic encoding Sentence integrating Idea remembering Fact rehearsing 600 450 300 200 138
Optimal Reading Rate
(continued)
Dubin and Bycina (1991): 200 wpm Jensen (1986): 300 wpm Nuttall (1996): 300 wpm Grabe (2002): 300 wpm Anderson (1999, 2002): 200 wpm with 70% comprehension
Fluency in L2 Reading: Classroom Applications
How can teachers help students to increase their reading fluency?
Current Pedagogical Applications
Fluency Building for Beginning Level Learners Shape Recognition | | | | |
Current Pedagogical Applications
(continued)
Fluency Building for Beginning Level Learners Number Recognition 8 4 11 51 104 | | | | | 9 3 12 15 401 7 4 21 11 041 8 5 10 55 104 6 7 11 51 114 3 9 17 50 144
Current Pedagogical Applications
(continued)
Fluency Building for Beginning Level Learners Letter Recognition b g V Q | | | | b y W O p j M C d g Q A l z V U y p R Q
Current Pedagogical Applications
(continued)
Fluency Building for Beginning Level Learners Word Recognition cat tree | | car happiness | can cat cap call three thou through trap tree hapless happy happiness happily
Current Pedagogical Applications
(continued)
Fluency Building for Beginning Level Learners Phrase Recognition Key phrase: buy lunch buy lunch buy milk bring lunch take a lunch make lunch bring lunch buy lunch buy lunches bake lunch take lunch find lunch buy lunch
Current Pedagogical Applications
(continued)
Fluency Building for All Levels of Learners Shadow reading
Current Pedagogical Applications
(continued)
Fluency Building for Intermediate and Advanced Level Learners Rate Buildup Reading Repeated Reading Class-Paced Reading Self-Paced Reading
Current Pedagogical Applications
(continued)
Fluency Building for Intermediate and Advanced Readers The Computer as a Pacing Tool SoftStudy www.softstudy.com
The Value of Fluency Building Activities
Data on reading rates from foreign language readers indicates that reading rates are significantly slower than first language readers. Often, in our efforts to assist students in increasing their reading rate, teachers overemphasize accuracy at the expense of fluency and when accuracy is overemphasized, reading fluency is impeded. The teacher must work towards a balance in reading rate improvement and reading comprehension and thus build reading fluency.
Building Reading Fluency
Neil J. Anderson, Ph.D.
Brigham Young University Provo, Utah USA [email protected]
http://linguistics.byu.edu/andersonn.php