Transcript What is migration? What types of migration exist? Legal

What is migration? What types of
migration exist? Legal, illegal,
irregular migrants; refugees; labour
migration.
Egle Jaceviciute and
Ekrem Kuralay
Basic notions
 Migration – is the crossing of the boundary of
a political or administrative unit for a certain
minimum period of time. It includes the
movement of refugees, displaced persons,
uprooted people as well as economic
migrants.
 Types:
Internal migration
International migration
Facts
 Today 192 million people live outside
their place of birth - it is about 3% of the
world's population;
 1 of every 35 persons in the world is a
migrant;
 Current annual growth rate of
international migrants is about 2,9%;
Forecast
 Japan and all countries of Europe are
expected to face declining population growth
over the next 50 years.
 Population of Italy in 2050 will decline from 57
to 41 million of people
 Population of Japan in 2080 will decline from
127 to 105 million
Forms of migration
 Forced migration includes refugees, asylum
seekers and people forced to move due to
external factors
 Family members - people sharing family ties
joining people who have already entered an
immigration country
 Return migrants - people who return to their
countries of origin after a period in another
country
Types of migration
 Legal migrants
 Illegal migrants
 Irregular migrants
 Refugees
 Labour migration
Migrants
 Legal Migrants -
migrants that legally
enter into the country,
have a valid immigrant
visa and proper
documentation
 Illegal migrant – a
person who, owing to
illegal entry or the
expiry of his or her visa,
lacks legal status in a
transit or host country.
The term applies to
migrants who infringe a
country’s admission
rules and any other
person not authorized
to remain in the host
country
Irregular Migration
 The people who enter or remain in a country
of which they are not a citizen in breach of
national laws.
 The IMO estimates that irregular immigrants
account for one-third to one-half of new
entrants into developed countries, marking an
increase of 20 per cent over the past ten
years
Some Negative Consequences
 -Irregular migration can undermine public confidence in the
integrity and effectiveness of a state’s migration and asylum
policies
 -Irregular migration can also endanger the lives of the migrants
concerned. A large but unknown number of people die each
year trying to cross land and sea borders without being detected
by the authorities. Human traffickers ruthlessly exploit migrants.
 - More generally, people who enter or remain in a country
without authorization can be at risk of exploitation by employers
and landlords.
 -Migrants with irregular status are often unwilling to seek
redress from authorities because they fear arrest and
deportation. As a result, they do not always make use of public
services to which they are entitled, for example emergency
health care.
Refugees
 According to the 1951 United Nations
Convention Relating to the Status of
Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing
to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for
reasons of race, religion, nationality,
membership of a particular social group, or
political opinion, is outside the country of their
nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such
fear, is unwilling to avail him/herself of the
protection of that country.
Facts
 The U.S. Committee for Refugees and
Immigrants gives the world total as
12,019,700 refugees.
 Moreover, there are over 34,000,000
displaced by war, including internally
displaced persons.
 As of December 31, 2005, the largest source
countries of refugees are Palestine,
Afghanistan, Iraq, Myanmar, and Sudan.
Labour Migration
 An international migrant worker is defined by
the 1990 United Nations (UN) International
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of
All Migrant Workers and Members of their
Families as “a person who is to be engaged,
is engaged or has been engaged in
remunerated activity in a State of which he or
she is not a national.
Types of Labour Migration
 Temporary labour migrants (also known as guest
workers or overseas contract workers): People
who migrate for a limited period of time in order to
take up employment and send money home.
 Highly skilled and business migrants: People with
qualifications as managers, executives,
professionals, technicians or similar, who move within
the internal labour markets of trans-national
corporations and international organizations, or who
seek employment through international labour
markets for scarce skills. Many countries welcome
such migrants and have special 'skilled and business
migration' programs to encourage them to come.
Key Points
 International instruments such as the UN and
International Labour Organization (ILO) Conventions
use different definitions.
 The concept and definition of labour migration often
reflects current national policy perspectives and
varies between countries and over time
 The United Nations Convention on the Protection of
the Rights of all Migrant Workers and Members of
their Families simply refers to remunerated activity in
a foreign country without specifying the source of
remuneration
Labour Migration will continue;
 Differences in employment opportunities and
living standards between countries
 Increased education and broader access to
information on living conditions and
employment opportunities abroad
 Established inter-country networks based on
family, culture, and history
Impacts of Labour Migration
 The impact of labour migration varies from country to country.
Economic migration can have different effects resulting from the
volume, composition, and characteristics of the migratory flows
as well as the context in which the flows take place.
 For countries of origin, in addition to the possibility of providing
some relief from unemployment and absorbing an increase in
the labour force, it can provide a form of developmental support,
especially through remittances, transfer of know-how, and
creation of business and trade networks
 For receiving countries facing labour shortages, immigration can
alleviate labour scarcity, facilitate occupational mobility, and add
to the human capital stock of the receiving countries
Net migration rate
Net migration rate is the difference of immigrants and emigrants of an area in a period of time.
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
International Organization for Migration:
http://www.iom.int/jahia/page3.html
Matthew J. Gibney “Harmonization, Asylum, and Temporary
Residence”, Refugee Studies Centre, Queen Elizabeth House,
University of Oxford
International migration law:
http://www.old.iom.int/documents/publication/en/Glossary.pdf
UNESCO “Social Transformations”
http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:pxx2yrck_e8j:portal.unesco.org/
shs/en/ev.phpurl_id%3d3020%26url_do%3ddo_topic%26url_section%3d201.html+a+
concept+of+migration%3f&hl=lt&ct=clnk&cd=7&gl=lt
5.
6.
United Nations High Commission for Refugees. Available at url:
http://www.unhcr.org/
International Labour Organization:
www.ilo.org
Thank you for your attention