Transcript Slide 1

The Geography of Iran
Iranian Oil Resources
Dr. Mohammad
Mossadegh,
Prime Minister of Iran
 Became Prime Minister




in 1951.
Nationalized the
foreign oil companies.
Got rid of corrupt
military officials.
Was toppled in a coup
aided by the America
CIA in 1953.
The Shah of Iran
returns to power.
Q4
Shah Reza Pahlavi
(r. 1941 – 1977)
 Institutes Western
reforms & ties with
the West .
 But, the majority of
his people live in
poverty.
 Brutal suppression
of dissidents 
SAVAK
Q5
The Shah
& Wife, Farah
Iranian elite/upper- and
intellectual classes: very
pro-Western.
“The White Revolution”
The Shah’s Reform Program (1963)
1. Land reform – 90% of Iran’s peasants became
landowners
2. Massive government-financed heavy industry
projects.
3. Granted women more political power – the right to
vote.
4. Poured government money into education –
especially in rural areas where illiteracy was very
high.
5. Profit-sharing for industrial workers.
6. Nationalization of forests and pasture lands.
The Shah with Several
American Presidents
Reasons for the
Fall of the Shah
The Shah spent the oil profits for top of the line
American military hardware.
Little money to reinvest back into the Iranian
economy.
Religious leaders angry with the Shah for too
much “Westernization.”
Government corruption.
The Shah’s constitutional violations of the basic
human rights of his citizens.
Anti-Shah
Protests
The Shah’s Chief
Opponents?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Oil field workers.
Students and other intellectuals.
Middle class businessmen.
Iranian nationalists.
Muslim clerics.
Q6
Anti-American Pin
(1960s)
Iranian Students Protest ing
Beverley Hills
Anarchy & Revolution
The Shah leaves Iran on 1/16/79
Ayatollah Khomeini
Leads the Revolution
Khomeini returns to Iran
on February 11, 1979
Q7
Ayatollah Khomeini
(r. 1979-1989)
 1902 – 1989
 Became an Islamic
scholar (studied in Qom).
 Began to speak out
against the Shah in the
1960s.
 Arrested and imprisoned
several times by the
Shah.
 Deported in 1978 & went
to France.
Triumphant Muslim
Clerics & Iranian Soldiers
A theocracy is created
Q8
SAVAK Suspects Taken
The Fate of the Shah’s
Generals
Iran Revolutionary Poster
When the devil leaves, the angel returns
American Embassy in
Tehran Taken Over
Q9
52 Americans Held
Hostage for 444 Days!
President Carter Becomes
a Hostage, Too
Hostage Rescue Disaster
52 American Hostages
Released in Jan., 1981
The Khomeini Revolution
Women in Iran
A woman’s hijab
represents her Islamic
and mo ral values.
Political Cartoon
Commentary
The dictatorship is gone! Bring
on the dictatorship!
Suppo rt fo r the
Palestinian Cause
Funds Hamas and
Hezbollah.
The Ayatollah with
Yasir Arafat.
Q10
The Iran-Iraq War:
Taking Sides
Secretary Rumsfeld
& Saddam Hussein: 1983
Iraqi Soldiers
At the Front
 375,000 Iraqi casualties & 60,000 POWs!
Iranian Soldiers
 Over 1,000,000
Iranian casualties!
Q11
Khomeini’s Death
(June, 1989)
Iranian Supreme Leader
Ayatollah Ali Khamenei
The Ayatollah represents the
fundamentalist Mullahs.
Ayatollah Khatami
The Ayatollah is considered a
political moderate.
Q12
Suppo rt fo r the
Shi’ites in Iraq Today
Moqtada al-Sadr, radical Shi’ite
leader in Fallujah, Iraq
Another Nuclear
Power?
US satellite photo of Iranian
nuclear facility near Arak.
An American view of
Iranian nuclear power
PINOCCHIAYATOLLAH
Scott Stantis
A view of Iran’s nuclear
power from Al-Jazeerah
Nobody else (particularly Iran and Arab countries) should
have nuclear weapons except Israel, says Bush.
-- Hassan Bleybel 10/23/03
Another Future
Revolution?
Key Points II:
The Counter-revolutionaries of the Global Age
• The advance of global culture and capitalism has met local
resistance in some parts of the world from those seeking to
preserve their cultures from unbridled change. Religious
revivalism has been a global phenomenon since the 1970s.
• Religious fundamentalism has become the most important
cause of domestic insurgency and international terrorism in
many parts of the world.
• As the cold war came to an end, a discourse was led by
Samuel Huntington that suggested that a ‘clash of
civilizations’ was about to become the principal cause of
international conflict. Huntington highlighted the tension
that existed between Western and Islamic culture.
From ‘Ch.21’, Baylis and Smith (ed.) The Globalization of World Politics (2ed.)
Key Points III:
The Counter-revolution at the Civilizational
level: the Case of Islam
• The impact of the West has been the principal issue facing
Islamic civilization since the eighteenth century. Muslim
modernizers sought to imitate the West, and the secular nationstate was adopted. The secular state went on to fail in much of the
Middle East.
• A deep crisis of modernization exists in many Muslim societies.
Poor living conditions and few opportunities for improvement have
created a young and frustrated urban population.
• Islam remains a powerful cultural force in the Muslim world,
especially in the Middle East. When secular states faltered, Islam
began to re-establish itself at the heart of political culture.
From ‘Ch.21’, Baylis and Smith (ed.) The Globalization of World Politics (2ed.)
Key Points IV:
Islamic fundamentalism
• Twentieth century modernization produced widespread social
alienation in the Muslim societies. Political Islam filled a
political and social vacuum.
• Theological innovations allowed an Islamic revival in the
1970s that sought to enforce an Islamic state and a rigorous
code of Islamic law (sharia).
• The Iranian Revolution of 1978-79 provided a powerful
example to all Islamic revivalists.
Key Points IV:
Islamic fundamentalism
cont...
• Revivalist Islam identified a cultural conflict with the West.
A crescendo of Islamic violence appeared to substantiate the
notion that there was a conflict between the West and Islam.
• The Islamic revival embodies different perspectives. Islamic
revivalists are divided over the means to achieve an Islamic
order.
From ‘Ch.21’, Baylis and Smith (ed.) The Globalization of World Politics (2ed.)
Key Points Key Points V:
The future of Islam in the Global Age
• The increasing engagement of Middle Eastern societies with
the global economy since the 1970s deepened some of the
social problems that produced the Islamic revival.
• Islamic movements have been suspicious of global culture
and capitalism, but the pressures to be pragmatic are strong.
The Iranian Revolution is a good example of how political
and economic realities can force compromise on Islamists.
• Islam does not have a single voice. Muslims will meet the
forces of globalization in different ways. Muslim societies
will continue to change in the 21st century.
From ‘Ch.21’, Baylis and Smith (ed.) The Globalization of World Politics (2ed.)