1 HOLT

The American Nation

IN THE MODERN ERA Chapter 18

AMERICANS IN WORLD WAR II

Section 1: Early Difficulties Section 2: The Home Front Section 3: Victory in Europe Section 4: Victory in Asia

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT

The American Nation

IN THE MODERN ERA

Section 1: Early Difficulties

2 Objectives:

 What were the strengths and weaknesses of the Allied Powers and Axis Powers in 1941?

   What steps did the United States take to prepare for war?

Where did the Japanese military attack after Pearl Harbor?

What were the early turning points of the war in the Pacific?

 What were the major battles in Europe and North Africa in 1942?

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

3 HOLT

The American Nation

IN THE MODERN ERA

Section 1: Early Difficulties

Allied Powers

 Production capacity of U.S. and manpower of Soviet Union were advantages.

 Disadvantages included the enormous amount of land in enemy hands, the multi-front aspect of the war, and the long fight that had to be faced.

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT

The American Nation

IN THE MODERN ERA

Section 1: Early Difficulties

4 Axis Powers

 Axis was better prepared economically and had been rearmed since the 1930s.

 Axis had firm control over invaded areas and already had airfields, barracks, and military training centers.

 Axis powers’ main difficulty was defending multiple fronts.

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

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The American Nation

IN THE MODERN ERA

Section 1: Early Difficulties

U.S. preparations for war

 increased production  expanded the government  began to direct the economy  began to raise the army

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT

The American Nation

IN THE MODERN ERA

Section 1: Early Difficulties

6 Japanese attacks after Pearl Harbor

 Clark Airforce Base in the Philippines  Burma  Borneo  the Netherlands East Indies  Wake Island  Hong Kong

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

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The American Nation

IN THE MODERN ERA

Section 1: Early Difficulties

Early turning points of war in Pacific

 Battle of the Coral Sea  Battle of Midway  Guadalcanal

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

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The American Nation

IN THE MODERN ERA

Section 1: Early Difficulties

Major battles of 1942 in Europe and North Africa

 Battle of El Alamein  Battle of Stalingrad

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

9 HOLT

The American Nation

IN THE MODERN ERA

Section 2: The Home Front

Objectives:

 How did the U.S. government try to keep wartime morale high?

 What was life like in the United States during World War II?

 How did women contribute to the war effort?

 What actions did the government take to protect the rights of minority groups?

 How were Japanese Americans affected by the war?

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

10 HOLT

The American Nation

IN THE MODERN ERA

Section 2: The Home Front

Keeping wartime morale high

 Office of War Information  radio programs  movies

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

11 HOLT

The American Nation

IN THE MODERN ERA

Section 2: The Home Front

Life in the U.S. during WWII

 long work hours and many sacrifices  restrictions  blackouts  air-raid drills  victory gardens

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

12 HOLT

The American Nation

IN THE MODERN ERA

Section 2: The Home Front

Contributions of women

 entered job market to replace soldiers  worked in plants  produced war products

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

13 HOLT

The American Nation

IN THE MODERN ERA

Section 2: The Home Front

Government actions to protect minority rights

 Fair Employment Practices Committee  attempts to end discrimination in businesses with federal contracts

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT

The American Nation

IN THE MODERN ERA

Section 2: The Home Front

14 Effects on Japanese Americans

 Many were relocated and interned.

 Interned people lost their property.

 Hawaiian islands put under martial law because Japanese population was too large to relocate.

 Some Japanese received limited military service opportunities.

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT

The American Nation

IN THE MODERN ERA

Section 3: Victory in Europe

15 Objectives:

 Where did the Allied offensive in Europe begin?

 How did fighting in the Atlantic and in the air influence the land war in Europe?

 How did the Allies successfully carry out the Normandy invasion?

 What was the Holocaust?

 How did the Allies finally defeat Germany?

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

16 HOLT

The American Nation

IN THE MODERN ERA

Section 3: Victory in Europe

Allied offensive in Europe

The Allied offensive in Europe began in Sicily and Italy.

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

17 HOLT

The American Nation

IN THE MODERN ERA

Section 3: Victory in Europe

Effects of fighting in the Atlantic and in the air on the land war

 Sea dominance allowed the Allies to protect cargo ships and bomb Axis vessels.

 Strategic bombing from the air helped destroy German military factories and centers.

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

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The American Nation

IN THE MODERN ERA

Section 3: Victory in Europe

The Normandy Invasion

 invasion of German-occupied France  disinformation campaign to distract Germans  dummy invasion used as a decoy  initial storming of beach caused high casualties  ultimately successful

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IN THE MODERN ERA

Section 3: Victory in Europe

The Holocaust

The Holocaust was Nazi Germany’s slaughter of European Jews. The Germans took advantage of long-standing anti-Semitism and Allied inaction to do it.

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT

The American Nation

IN THE MODERN ERA

Section 3: Victory in Europe

20 Final defeat of Germany

 September, 1944: Battle of the Bulge  February, 1945: Yalta Conference  early 1945: Allies bomb Germany  March, 1945: Allies invade Germany  April, 1945: Hitler commits suicide  May, 1945: Germany surrenders

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

21 HOLT

The American Nation

IN THE MODERN ERA

Section 4: Victory in Asia

Objectives:

 How did the United States carry out its island hopping plan?

 How did the battles at Iwo Jima and Okinawa affect the war?

 What led the United States to use atomic weapons against Japan?

 What were the human and economic costs of World War II?

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

22 HOLT

The American Nation

IN THE MODERN ERA

Section 4: Victory in Asia

Island-hopping

 conquered strategically important islands  cut off other islands  some islands chosen as launching pads for invasion of Japan

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The American Nation

IN THE MODERN ERA

Section 4: Victory in Asia

Iwo Jima and Okinawa

These two battles were incredibly difficult and bloody, and though the U.S. won, the fighting demonstrated that the Japanese would not surrender.

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

24 HOLT

The American Nation

IN THE MODERN ERA

Section 4: Victory in Asia

Reasons for use of the atomic bomb

 enormous cost of an invasion  continued Japanese resistance  desire to demonstrate U.S. power to the Soviet Union

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

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The American Nation

IN THE MODERN ERA

Section 4: Victory in Asia

Costs of World War II

 killed millions of people and wounded many more  resulted in the Holocaust  destroyed economies of many nations  ruined countless cities  destroyed national infrastructures

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON