Transcript A Survey of Routing Techniques for Mobile Communication

A Survey of Routing
Techniques for Mobile
Communication Networks
S Ramanathan
Martha Steenstrup
Presented by
Arun T-M and Nihal Sequeira
Introduction
• Popularity of mobile wireless
networking factors
• Scope of this paper
• Routing system constituents
• What does the Routing system do?
• Issues, challenges and solutions
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Network Organization
Stationary
switches
Mobile
switches
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Stationary
endpoints
Wireline
Mobile
endpoints
Cellular
Satellite
Packet
radio
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Cellular Networks
• Stationary switches and mobile endpoints
• Frequency reuse and system capacity
• Cells and Base stations
• Cellular networks --AMPSPCSGSM
• Design problems
a)Partioning
b)Cell radii, base station location,Overlap
c)Cell splitting,Handoffs,mobile switching
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Packet Radio Networks
• Whats in packet radio network?
• Switch mobility EX:PRNET, SURAN
• Problems Clustering switches
• Clustering techniques
--Local clustering algorithm
--Hierarchical Clustering
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Satellite Networks
•
•
a)
b)
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•
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Satellite switches
Users covered through
ground-satellite
Inter-satellite
LEO satellites
Problems in organization
Design best topology 
No of satellites,positions,orbits,grazing
angles
Inter-satellite connectivity
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Location tracking
• Mobility tracking
• Identifier—address mappings
Generic Issues
• how to initiate changes in database?
• Organizing and maintaining database
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Update location database
• Operations->Updating and Finding
• Static strategies
a) Location Areas
b) Reporting cells
Drawbacks: Inaccurate user mobility,
frequency
• Dynamic Strategies
a) Every Tsecs
b)After M crossings
c) Distance exceeds D->difficult
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Organization of Location
database
• Minimize latency and overhead
• Single storage space, single point of
failure
• Three way tradeoff between overhead,
latency and simplicity
• Partition network and distributed
database concepts
• HLR,VLR concepts
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• Location tracking in PCS
-- IS-41 and GSM standards
--Partitioning and two level hierarchy
--HLR->VLR->MSC interaction for mobility
tracking
• Location tracking in the Internet
-- Mobile IP support for mobile hosts
--care-of address, mobility binding
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• Location tracking in Packet Radio
Networks
--”flat" packet radio network not
scalable
--Hierarchical Clustering(EX:SURAN)
--hierarchical address
--address servers
--NAVSTAR GPS system for routing
messages
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Routing selection and
forwarding
Stationary infrastructure
• Cellular telecommunication networks
– Mobile-controlled handoff
Mobile endpoint monitors signal quality.
– Network-controlled handoff
Endpoint’s base station monitors signal quality
– Mobile-assisted handoff
Base station monitors quality assisted by mobile
endpoint
– Soft handoff
Mobile endpoint affiliated with multiple base
stations
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Routing selection and
forwarding
• Wireless ATM networks
– Connection re-establishment
Entire new virtual circuit established
– Connection modification
Original connection modified
– Connection prediction
Multiple connections established
• Internetworks
– Direct routing
– Triangle routing
– Multicast
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Routing selection and
forwarding
Mobile infrastructure
• Minimum cost routing
Link-state and distance-vector algorithms
• Metrics
Promoting efficient use of transmission capacity, hop count,
capacity, interference
• Route discovery
Broadcast, random selection
• Alternate routes
Changes in network connectivity, failure in primary route,
break in current route
• Hierarchical routing
– Quasi hierarchical routing
Enhances tier routing by including minimum distance to other
radios
– Strict hierarchical routing
Uses tier routing within a cluster and link state routing among
clusters
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Thank You
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