Transcript Jeffrey S. Passel Immigration Studies Program The Urban

National Center on
Immigrant Integration Policy
The Demography of English
Language Learner Students
in the Southeast
November 5, 2008
Laureen D. Laglagaron
Policy Analyst
Points of Departure
• No growth in native labor force
• Global competition
• Baby boom retirement
• Economic slowdown
• Integration: lack of attention
Almost Half of All Metro Areas with
1 Million+ Immigrants Are in the US
Source: MPI Data Hub, March 2006.
38 Million Immigrants in 2007:
12.6% of US Population
40
40 Million +
Foreign-Born Population (millions)
(2010)
Percent Foreign Born of Total
38.1 Million
30
(2007)
13%
14.8%
(2010)
20
10
12.6%
4.7%
0
1840
1860
1880
1900
1920
1940
(2007)
1960
1980
2000
Source: US Census Bureau data; Analyses by the Migration Policy Institute and the Urban Institute.
Demographic Impacts
Immigrants are ...
• 1 in 8 US residents
• 1 in 2 new workers in 1990s
Children of immigrants...
• 23% of all children in US
• 30% of all low-income children
• 75% are US citizens
The Immigrant Workforce
• Immigrants are:
•
•
•
•
12% of US residents
15% of US workers
21% of low-wage workers*
45% of low-skilled workers**
Notes: * Low-wage workers earned less than twice the federal minimum wage in 2004.
**Low-skilled workers are those with less than a high school education.
Source: Urban Institute calculations from the 2005 Current Population Survey.
By 2050 . . .
Immigrant population will
• Rise to 81M from current 38M
• Represent 20% of US population
• Account for all growth in working-age
population
Source: Pew Research Center, 2008.
Types of Immigrant Status
People in the USA
U.S.
Citizens
Noncitizens
Unauthorized/
Out of Status
Types of Immigrant Status
People in the USA
U.S.
Citizens
Noncitizens
Unauthorized/
Out of Status
Immigrants
Non-immigrants
• “Green Card”
•Tourists
• LPR
•Students
• Resident Alien
•High-Tech Workers
… plus Refugees
Two-Thirds of Legal Immigrants Admitted
Via Family Ties
Other
categories, 6%
Refugees &
asylees, 13%
Employment
based , 15%
Immediate
relatives of US
citizens, 47%
Other family
based, 19%
Number of legal permanent residents in 2007: 1,052,415
Source: Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, 2007.
Majority of Immigrants are
from Latin America and Asia
Africa, 4%
Oceania &
Northern
America, 3%
Europe, 13%
Mexico, 30%
Asia, 27%
Other Latin
America, 23%
Number of immigrants in 2007: 38.1 million
Immigrants as a share of total US population: 12.6%
Source: 2007 American Community Survey.
More States Feel the Impact of Immigration:
Largest and Fastest-Growing Immigrant States
10
3
DE: #8
9
4
6
2
1
5
7
States with 1.5 million or more immigrants (2007)
States (ranked) with more than 200% growth
(2000 - 2007)
Source: MPI’s tabulations of US Census, 2000 and American Community Survey, 2007
One in Three Immigrants
is Unauthorized
Legal permanent
residents (LPRs)
28%
Unauthorized migrants
30%
Refugees
7%
Legal temporary
residents
3%
Naturalized citizens
31%
37.5 Million Foreign Born in 2006
Source: Urban Institute estimates.
Drop in Unauthorized with
Economic Slowdown
14
12
12.4*
(millions)
10
8
*9.4
9.2
2001
2002
9.8*
*11.1
11.5
2005
2006
11.9
10.2
8.4
6
4
2
0
2000
2003
2004
2007
2008
Notes: Estimates are based on residual methodology. Bars indicate low and high points of the estimated 90%
confidence interval. The symbol * indicates that the change from the previous year is statistically significant.
Source: March 2008 Supplements to the Current Population Survey, Pew Hispanic Center in Passel and Cohn
(2008).
Many Children in Unauthorized Families
• 4.6 million children, who constitute:
•
•
•
•
•
27% children of immigrants
5% of all US kids
Two-thirds (3 million) are US citizens
One-third (1.6 million) are unauthorized
Much larger share of teens than young
children
Source: Urban Institute estimates, 2003.
Generational Progress Continues –
for All Groups
Percent Teenagers (Ages 16 to 20) Enrolled in School Full-Time, by
National Origin and Generation, 2000
80%
70%
76%
73%
69%
68%
67%
62%
56%
60%
59%
57%
50%
40%
35%
30%
20%
10%
0%
e
op
r
Eu
*
A
a
si
i
ex
M
co
t
O
rA
e
h
1st Generation
a
ic
er
m
s
e
op
r
Eu
*
A
a
si
i
ex
M
co
t
O
rA
e
h
a
ic
er
m
s
2nd Generation
* Europe refers to Europe, Canada, and Australia.
Source: Waldinger and Reichl, 2006, Current Population Survey, March 1997-2003.
te
hi
W
A
s
n
ca
i
r
f
e
Am
a
ric
ns
3rd+ Generation
One in Five College-Educated Immigrant Workers
Are in Unskilled Occupations, 2005-2006
Recent immigrants (arrived in 1996 or later)
Long-term immigrants (arrived prior to 1996)
US born
44%
35%
18%
18%
US born
US born
33%
23%
22%
Asia
Africa
20%
19%
17%
Europe*
Latin America
Latin
Asia
Africa
America
Percent of college-educated workers in unskilled occupations
Europe*
Notes: *Refers to persons from Europe, Canada, and Oceania. Unskilled occupations require no more than modest on-the-job
training (e.g., construction laborers, drivers, and maids).
Source: American Community Survey, pooled 2005 and 2006.
High Unemployment Rates:
Recent Arrivals and African Born
Share of the College Educated Who Are Unemployed
Native
Recent
Long term
US educated
6.0
5.0
4.8
4.4
3.4
2.6
Native Born
3.9
3.6
3.4
3.1
4.1
3.4
2.8
Europe**
Asia
Latin America
Africa
Source: ACS analysis from Batalova & Fix Uneven Progress: The Employment Trajectories of Skilled Immigrants in the United
States (MPI 2008).
Social Mobility Trends
Among Immigrants
Immigrants with mid to high skills tend to experience downward
mobility upon immigration.
• Foreign academic and professional qualifications are discounted.
• Vocational credentials and experience are hard to document.
• Lack of knowledge of local labor market.
• Poor knowledge of the English language.
Low-skilled immigrants are unlikely to suffer much wage depreciation
and employment effects after immigrating because they are already at
or near the bottom of the scale.
Within 20 to 25 years, most adult immigrants catch up with their nativeborn counterparts.
Those from certain nonwhite, minority backgrounds do not catch up.
Average Freshman Graduation Rate
In the United States, 2004-05
Average Freshman
Graduation Rate 2004-05
Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Dropout
and Completion Rates in the United States: 2006.
80.0 percent or greater
70.0 to 79.9 percent
69.9 percent or less
Most LEP Children are Native Born
1st generation
2nd and higher generation
75%
Recent
arrivals: 52%
Recent
arrivals: 42%
57%
43%
25%
K to 5th grade
6th to 12th grade
Notes: The figures refer to LEP students ages 5 to 18 currently enrolled in school.
Source: US Census, 2000.
LEP Students Attend
Linguistically Segregated Schools
English proficient children
57%
53%
LEP children
30%
29%
16%
10%
4%
1%
Less than 1%
1% to 10%
11% to 30%
Percent LEP Enrollment in School
Source: Schools and Staffing Survey, 1999.
31% or More
“Former” LEPs Do Better
Average Scores of 8th Graders in Math
by English Proficiency: NAEP, 1996 to 2007
290
Non-LEP
280
270
Former LEP
260
250
240
LEP
230
220
1996
2000
2003
2005
2007
Source: US Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics,
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 1996 to 2007 Math Assessments.
Rate of Total and LEP Enrollment Growth:
From 1995 to 2006
70%
60%
LEP Enrollment
United States
50%
40%
30%
20%
Total Enrollment
10%
0%
-10%
1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
Year
Source: National Clearinghouse for English Language Acquisition & Language Instruction Educational Programs
(NCELA), 2006
Rate of Total and LEP Enrollment Growth:
From 1995 to 2006
300%
250%
LEP Enrollment
Alabama
200%
150%
100%
50%
Total Enrollment
0%
-50%
1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
Year
Source: National Clearinghouse for English Language Acquisition & Language Instruction Educational Programs
(NCELA), 2006
Rate of Total and LEP Enrollment Growth:
From 1995 to 2006
300%
250%
LEP Enrollment
Georgia
200%
150%
100%
50%
Total Enrollment
0%
-50%
1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
Year
Source: National Clearinghouse for English Language Acquisition & Language Instruction Educational Programs
(NCELA), 2006
Rate of Total and LEP Enrollment Growth:
From 1995 to 2006
30%
20%
Louisiana
LEP Enrollment
10%
0%
1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
-10%
-20%
-30%
Total Enrollment
Source: National Clearinghouse for English Language Acquisition & Language Instruction Educational Programs
(NCELA), 2006
Rate of Total and LEP Enrollment Growth:
From 1995 to 2006
80%
70%
LEP Enrollment
Mississippi
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Total Enrollment
-10%
-20%
1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
Year
Source: National Clearinghouse for English Language Acquisition & Language Instruction Educational Programs
(NCELA), 2006
Rate of Total and LEP Enrollment Growth:
From 1995 to 2006
70%
60%
LEP Enrollment
South Carolina
50%
40%
30%
20%
Total Enrollment
10%
0%
-10%
1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
Year
Source: National Clearinghouse for English Language Acquisition & Language Instruction Educational Programs
(NCELA), 2006
Growth of Children of Immigrants
370
Number of children of immigrants
age 18 or under (in thousands)
1990
2000
2006
222
76
21
36
49
Alabama
41
Georgia
68
51 42
Louisiana
45
21
10 15
Mississippi
Source: MPI analysis of 1990 and 2000 US Census, and 2006 American Community Survey.
20
South
Carolina
Children of Immigrants
(as a share of all children age 18 and under in 2006)
22.5%
Foreign born
Native born
16.2%
18.9%
13.1%
7.1%
4.7%
4.3%
3.1%
3.7%
3.6%
1.0%
United States
Alabama
3.1%
Georgia
0.8%
3.4% 0.6%
5.8%
2.5%
1.3%
Louisiana
Mississippi
Source: MPI analysis of 1990 and 2000 US Census, and 2006 American Community Survey.
South
Carolina
LEP Students by Generation
(all public K-12 schools)
Native born
61%
76%
74%
Foreign born
62%
59%
52%
48%
39%
41%
38%
26%
United
States
Alabama
Georgia
24%
Louisiana Mississippi
Source: MPI analysis of 2006 American Community Survey.
South
Carolina
LEP Students by Generation
(all public elementary and middle schools)
Native born
Foreign born
70%
68%
65%
58%
50% 50%
53%
47%
42%
35%
United
States
32%
Alabama
Georgia
30%
Louisiana Mississippi
Source: MPI analysis of 2006 American Community Survey.
South
Carolina
LEP Students by Generation
(all public high schools)
85%
83%
80%
68%
60%
53%
47%
40%
32%
20%
15%
17%
Native born
United
States
Alabama
Georgia
Louisiana Mississippi
Source: MPI analysis of 2006 American Community Survey.
Foreign born
South
Carolina
Billions
ESEA Title I Grants to States,
1966-2007
$14
$13
Constant 2007 Dollars
$12
$11
ECIA
1981
$10
$9
$8
$7
ESEA
1974
Current
Dollars
ESEA
1978
$6
$5
NCLB
2001
$4
IAEA
1994
$3
$2
$1
HawkinsStafford
Act 1988
19
66
19
68
19
70
19
72
19
74
19
75
*
19
77
19
79
19
81
19
83
19
85
19
87
19
89
19
91
19
93
19
95
19
97
19
99
20
01
20
03
20
05
20
07
$0
Note: Appropriations shifted to forward funding in FY 1975.
Source: US Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional
Assistance, National Assessment of Title I Final Report (Washington, DC: Author, October 2007).
Millions
ESEA Title I Grants to Southeast
States, 2001-2007
$500
Georgia
$450
$400
$350
Louisiana
$300
$250
Alabama
$200
$150
Mississippi
South Carolina
$100
$50
$0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Source: US Department of Education, “Funds for State Formula-Allocated and Selected Student Aid Programs.”
2007
Millions
ESEA Title III Grants to Southeast
States, 2002-2007
$16
$14
Georgia
$12
$10
South Carolina
Alabama
Louisiana
Mississippi
$8
$6
$4
$2
$0
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Source: US Department of Education, “Funds for State Formula-Allocated and Selected Student Aid Programs.”
2007
Native Language of LEP Students
Enrolled in Public Schools, 2006
Languages spoken by LEP students enrolled in public preK-12 schools in:
Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina
French
4.6%
Vietnamese
2.8%
Spanish
70.9%
Korean
1.8%
Japanese
1.6%
Other
14.5%
Source: MPI analysis of 2006 American Community Survey.
Most LEP Students in Public
Schools Speak Spanish
Share of LEP students enrolled in public
preK-12 schools who speak Spanish
76%
75%
72%
68%
67%
48%
United
States
Georgia
South
Carolina
Mississippi
Source: MPI analysis of 2006 American Community Survey.
Alabama
Louisiana
Key K-12 Issues
•
Quality of English instruction services
•
Lack of targeted federal, state, and local
funding to meet immigrant/ELL needs
• Alignment of ELL and mainstream curricula
• Native language instruction and testing policies
• Use of valid and reliable assessments
• Teacher recruitment/retention
• Pre-service and in-service training
• Need for additional time
Integration Policy Agenda
• Reengineer Adult Basic Education & English as a
Second Language programs
• Retain accountability for LEPs in Elementary and
Secondary Education Act
• Impact aid to meet states’ demand for English
language instruction
• Establish National Office for Immigrants and
Refugees
For More Information
Find data, reports and other analysis
by state and for the nation at
www.migrationpolicy.org
• State-by-state immigration legislation
www.migrationinformation.org/datahub/statelaws_home.cfm
• Language Portal: A Translation and
Interpretation Digital Library
www.migrationpolicy.org/languageportal
For more information, contact:
Laureen D. Laglagaron
[email protected]
Migration Policy Institute
1400 16th Street, NW
Washington, DC 20036
(202) 266-1940
www.migrationpolicy.org