Transcript Modern China: A Capsule History

Modern China: A Capsule History
The Impact of the West
on 19th and 20th Century
China
The Manchu Conquest of China: 1644
Imposition of the Queue
Manchu conquest of Taiwan: Koxinga
and the anti-Qing rebellion 1661-1683
The Kangxi Emperor: Longest
Reigning Chinese Emperor: 1661-1722
The Manchus become Confucian: Heirs
to the Mandate of Heaven
The Jesuits and their role






Astronomers
Translators
Missionaries
Weapons
manufacturers
Cartographers
Advisors

Matteo Ricci
The Qianlong Emperor: 1735-1796
Map of Ming dynasty (1368-1644)
The Conquest of Tibet and Xinjiang
Tibetan Buddhism at the Qing Court
The Canton system of Trade: Macau as
the gateway to China
Qianlong meets George McCartney: A
clash of Two worlds
The Opium War: “The most
disreputable War Britain eve fought”
Gladstone




Motivation: the British thirst for tea and trade
Destabilization: Payment in silver as China
wanted nothing the British produced
Problem: Imbalance in trade
Solution: Illegal importation of Opium into
China
Commissioner Lin and the successful
suppression of Opium
China loses the war: outgunned and
with backward technology
The Treaty of Nanjing: 1842: First
Unequal Treaty





Cede Island of Hong Kong in perpetuity
Open 5 pots to trade: Guangzhou (Canton),
Xiamen (Amoy), Foochow (Fuzhou), Ningpo
(Ningbo), Shanghai.
Pay 21 Million dollars reparations
Extraterritoriality
Most Favored Nation Clause
Second Opium War: Causes





Desire for free trade
Desire to travel in interior
Desire for missionary activity
Desire for legalization of opium
Desire for diplomatic relations
Treaties of Tianjin and Aigun






Europeans right to have legations in Beijing
10 cities opened for trade and residence
Foreign ships navigate freely on Yangtse
river
Foreigners right to travel, trade, and
proselytize in China
6 million dollar indemnity
Russia got the maritime Province
Storming of the Dagu )Taku) Forts
Flight of the Xian FengEmperor to
Chengde
Destruction of the Summer Palace
Convention of Beijing: second unequal
treaty 1860




Confirm Tianjin Treaty
Cede Kowloon to Britain
Open Tianjin as treaty port
Chinese laborers allowed to emigrate
overseas
Rebellions: Taiping, Nian, Muslim:
1850-1878






Transfer of power from Manchus to Chinese
Transfer of power from Center to provinces
Weakening of Central government
Allowing further Western Imperialism
Awakening desire for change among
Chinese youth
Sense of doom among youth
Rebels and Mandarins

Zeng Guofan
Cixi and the maintenance of power





Balancing act
Position as regent
Raising fear of
foreigners and Chinese
Personal friendship
Bestowal of favors
The Marble Boat in the new Summer
Palace
The Sino-Japanese War: 1895

Li Hong Zhang
Shimonoseki
Treaty of Shimonoseki





Cession of Taiwan to Japan
200 million dollar indemnity
China recognize independence of Korea
Cede Liaodong Peninsula to Japan (reversed
by Triple Intervention by Russia, France and
Germany)
Open more ports and rivers to trade
Guangxu Emperor and the 100 days of
reform
Boxer Rebellion: Defense of the British
Legation
The Boxer Rebellion

A Boxer and the International Relief force
Russo-Japanese war: control of
railroads in Manchuria
The Russo Japanese War: fought over
Manchuria (China)
Sun Yat-sen and the revolution of 1912
Sun’s Three Principles of the People:
San Min Zhu Yi



Nationalism: Min Zu
Democracy: Min Quan
Socialism (people’s welfare): Min Sheng
The Accidental Revolution: 1912: The
end of the imperial system and the
establishment of a Republic

Yuan Shi Kai becomes President
The May fourth Movement: The first
modern student movement
Founding of the Chinese Communist
Party

Chen Duxiu

Li Dazhao
Mao Zedong as a Young Man



Founding member of
CCP
Reinterpreter of
Leninism for Chinese
conditions
Interested in the
peasants
Zhu De: Leader of the Red Army
Jiang Jie Shi (Chiang Kai Shek) and
the Northern Expedition
Massacre of Communists
End of the first United Front in
Shanghai





Nationalists turned on the Communists and
massacred them in Shanghai
Resulted in split of the Nationalist party
Renewed civil war against the Communists
Communists in city virtually destroyed
Mao flees to countryside in Jinggangshan
Retreat to Jinggangshan
Civil War: the Long March
Japanese invasion and creation of the
state of Manchukuo: Puyi crowned as
emperor in 1932
Start of the Sino Japanese War: 1937:
Lugoujiao (Marco Polo Bridge)
The start of the Anti-Japanese war
Nanjing Massacre
Chiang, Meiling, and General Stillwell
in Chungking (Chongqing)
Cairo Conference: China comes of Age
and the unequal treaties are abolished
The End of the Anti-Japanese War and
the Continuation of the Civil War
between the Nationalists and
Communists
Mao Proclaims the Establishment of
the People’s Republic of China
Jiang Jie Shi (Chiang Kai Shek) fled to
Taiwan

Jiang’s memorial Hall in Taipei
Major events from 1949 to Today






Rebuilding China
Korean War
100 Flowers Movement and Anti-Rightist
Campaign
Great Leap Forward
Invasion of Tibet and flight of Dalai Lama
Tension over Taiwan
More events



The Sino-Soviet Split: who are China’s
Friends
The Great Proletarian Revolution
Nixon’s visit to China
President Nixon goes to China: 1972
The New China: “Socialism with
Chinese Characteristics”

Deng Xiaoping comes to power:

“It doesn’t matter if a cat is a white cat or a
black cat as long as it catches the mice.”

“To Get rich is Glorious”