Transcript Advanced APA Style

Advanced APA Style: Applying
APA
With Senior Writing Specialist
Amber Cook, M.M.
Advanced APA Tips
1. In-text citations
2. Reference list entries
3. Editorial APA
4. Heading levels
In-Text Citations
• (Author, 2009)
• (Author, 2009, p. 23)
– p. for one page
– pp. for multiple pages
– para. for paragraph numbers
• (Author & Author, 2009)
Citations in Text
To cite a specific part of a source, indicate the
page, chapter, figure, table, or equation at the
appropriate point in text. Note that the words
page and chapter are abbreviated in such
text citations:
(Cheek & Buss, 1981, p. 332)
(Shimamura, 1989, chap. 3)
APA pp. 208-209 (5th) pp. 174-179 (6th)
• Three, four, and five authors
– Cite all of the surnames at first mention
• (Patterson, Rivers, & Timmerman, 2009)
– Each subsequent mention just the surname
followed by et al.
• (Patterson et al., 2009)
• Six or more authors
– Cite only the first surname followed by et al.
the first time and every time.
When to Cite Publication Date
• Per APA p. 174 in 6th edition:
Within a paragraph, when the name of the
author is part of the narrative…you need not
include the year in subsequent
nonparenthetical references to a study.
Do include the year in all parenthetical
citations.
When to Cite Publication Date
Patterson (2008) found that citing is
fun. Patterson took great care in her
research and is confident in this fun as
truth. In fact “students really grow to love
APA” (Patterson, 2008, p. 23). Patterson
also found that students secretly love APA,
even in the beginning.
Block Quotes
•
•
•
•
•
40 words or more
No quotation marks
Punctuation before the citation
One half inch indented on the left
Double spaced (in 6th edition)
Block Quotes
Citing can be fun and is often misunderstood:
Citing is both trickier and easier than you
might think. It is just a matter of figuring
out what goes where and following a set
of standard rules. Nothing more, nothing
less. (Patterson, 2008, para. 2)
Integrating Your Quotes
• Avoid having a quotation alone in a
sentence.
Instead of:
“Citing is fun” (Patterson, 2008, p. 23).
Try:
Patterson found that “citing is fun”
(2008, p. 23).
And One Other Thing…
• Do not begin a section with a quote
• Do not end a section with a quote
Page Number for Paraphrasing?
“When paraphrasing or referring to an idea
contained in another work, you are
encouraged to provide a page or
paragraph number.”
APA sixth edition, section 6.04, p. 171.
Cool Stuff in the Sixth Edition
• Nifty table on in-text citations: p. 177
What About Websites?
You’ll never have a URL as an
in-text citation.
You will find the author and publication date
and cite as you would any other source.
How Do I Find the Author?
• An individual
• An organization
• The name of the website
And the Publication Date?
• Published on date
• Last updated date
• Copyright date
The last known date the information was
deemed relevant.
If All Else Fails….
Use n.d. for no date
Citing Electronic Sources in Text
For electronic sources that do not provide page
numbers, use the paragraph number, if
available, preceded by the abbreviation para. If
neither paragraph nor page numbers are visible,
cite the heading and the number of the
paragraph following it to direct the reader to the
location of the material (see section 6.05).
(Myers, 2000, para. 5)
(Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)
When Can I Use a URL in Text?
• Only when citing an ENTIRE website.
You can purchase tickets at the
Northwest Airlines website (www.nwa.com).
You’ll identify the full name of the website in
text and the URL for the landing page (or
host name) parenthetically. No hyperlinks.
Home Page
One Last Note…
• No reference list entry for entire
websites.
Removing a Hyperlink
www.cnn.com
• Right click on the hyperlinked URL
• Select remove hyperlink from the menu
www.cnn.com
Citing Multiple Sources
Parenthetically 6.16
• Alphabetical order
– (Beta Band, 2007; Cook, 2004; Super, 2009)
• Authors separated by a semicolon
• Multiple years with the same author have
older year first, and use a, b, c designation
for same years
– (Poppycock, 2005a, 2005b; Zounds, 2001)
Personal Communication 6.20
• Includes interviews, e-mails, lectures, and more
• Doesn’t appear in reference lists
B. A. Superciter (personal communication, June
1, 2006) found....
(M. I. Right, personal communication, February
17, 2007)
Can I Cite Myself? APA p. 170
• Although students may be writing for a second,
third, or fourth time on a topic, their writing at
Walden is expected to reflect new approaches
and insights into a topic to demonstrate their
intellectual growth.
• When using their own scholarly work in
subsequent research, students should cite
themselves as primary author and their own
previous coursework or KAM demonstrations as
unpublished papers, as shown in the APA
publication manual.
Example
Reference list:
Doe, J. (2006). My greatest paper. Unpublished
manuscript, Department of English,
University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.
In text:
Evidence from several trips to the moon by
NASA suggests it is made of bleu cheese (Curie,
as cited in Doe, 2006).
So the Answer is….Yes?
• Cite accordingly
• Check with your professor
Citing Secondary Sources APA 6.17
If Cook’s work is cited in Rivers, and you did
not read Cook, you’ll cite Rivers (what you
actually read) in your reference list, and
Rivers parenthetically in text.
Name the original work, and give a citation
for the secondary source.
Sample
Cook’s study (as cited in Rivers, 1992) found
that….
Rivers, H. (1992). I actually read this article.
A Reader’s Kind of Place, 1(20), 220-240.
Report the Literature in Past Tense
Percy (1935) found
Mathieu (1955) argued
Korrapati (1975) wrote
Lynch (1995) discussed
Espinosa (2005) reported
Zuckerman (2009) whined, fished, indicated, extorted
Questions?
• Paper sample: Let’s try it out!
• Up next:
– Reference list
– Editorial APA
– Heading levels
Order of Sources
• Alphabetical
• Nothing precedes something
– Brown, J. will go before Browning
– Brown will go before Brown, J.
– MacArthur before McAllister
• Same author, multiple sources
– Oldest source first
Order of Sources
• Soltz, A. (1996)
• Soltz, A., & Patterson, P. (2000)
Same author, same year:
• Soltz, A. (1996a). The first thing.
• Soltz, A. (1996b). The second thing.
– Determined by alphabetical order of
document title.
Book
• APA 7.02
Author, A. (publication date). Title of book in
italics. Publishing city, abbreviated state:
Name of Publisher.
Book Example
Patterson, J. (2000). I wrote a book!
Minneapolis, MN: The Ultimate Publisher.
Chapters in an Edited Book
• APA 7.02
Author, A. (publishing date). Title of the
chapter or article. In A. Editor & B. Editor
(Eds.), Title of book in italics (pp. 2-3).
Lawrence, KS: Arlinghaus.
Journal
• APA 7.01
Author, A. (publication date). Title of article in
sentence case, plain text. Title of Journal
in Title Case, Italics, 1(2), 3-5.
Sentence Case?
• The capitalization is as it is in a sentence.
The first word capitalized and the first
word after punctuation is capitalized.
Author, A. (2009). This is an example: Holy
cow! Easier than I thought! San Diego,
CA: Shocking News Group.
Reference List Changes
Most aspects are unchanged from the 5th
edition, and especially unchanged from the
2007 APA Guide to Electronic Sources.
Some things were simplified.
.
Reference List Changes
• State postal abbreviations are now required
with all cities.
• The journal issue number is no longer
indicated if the journal is not paginated by
issue.
.
Abbreviated States
Before:
Patterson, J. (2009). My life. New York: Paddy
Publisher.
Now:
Patterson, J. (2009). My life. New York, NY: Paddy
Publisher.
Issue number
Before:
Patterson, J. (2008). Article. Journal, 1(2), 3-4.
Now:
Patterson, J. (2008). Article. Journal, 1, 3-4.
Reference List Changes
• Seven or more: list up to and including all
seven authors.
• For eight or more, list the first six authors . . . +
Last Author in the reference list.
• But in text you can continue to use et al. if you
have six or more names in a group.
.
Et al. in Sixth Edition
Patterson, J., Cook, A., Rivers, H., Marshall,
H., Ball, T., O’Keefe, J. … Strutt, K. (2009).
The book they wrote. Minneapolis, MN:
Paddy Publishers.
Electronic Sources: APA 6th ed.
Preferences, in order, for identifying sources.
1.The doi number [lowercase, no period after]
2.The URL of the journal’s home page
A retrieval date and the database name are no
longer required unless there’s a chance the original
might disappear.
.
DOI
• Digital object identifier
– Used to easily identify objects in a digital environment
– Provides an actionable, interoperable, persistent link
– www.doi.org
• Handy website for finding a doi
– http://www.crossref.org
All information regarding DOI in the following pages was retrieved from
California State University San Marcos
http://library.csusm.edu/subject_guides/psychology/doi.asp
DOI
DOI
Reference List: Examples
Hatter, M., Rabbit, W., & Wonderland, A. (2005). Tea party
etiquette. What to do in Wonderland, 34(2), 221-228.
doi:######
Hatter, M., Rabbit, W., & Wonderland, A. (2005). Tea party
etiquette. What to do in Wonderland, 34(2), 221-228.
Retrieved from http://www.wonderlandjournal.com
.
Electronic Document
Author. (publication date). Title of document
in italics. Retrieved on month day, year,
from www.urlhere.com
Questions?
• Sample paper: Let’s try it out!
• Up next:
– Editorial APA
– Heading levels
Editorial APA
• APA style is more than just citations
(believe it or not!).
• Hyphens, heading levels, grammar,
punctuation, and spelling are all part of the
APA publication manual.
A few of the hidden rules…
Ellipses Points APA p. 119 (5th)
• You will not use ellipses points before or
after direct quotes.
– Use three spaced ellipsis points (…) within a
sentence to indicate you have omitted
material.
– Use four spaced ellipsis points (….) to
indicate you have omitted material between
sentences.
Ellipses Points APA p. 119 (5th)
Patterson said that “…citing is super good
fun” (2009, p. 23).
Patterson said that “citing is…fun” (2009, p.
23).
Patterson said that “citing is super good
fun….although it might be an acquired joy”
(2009, p. 23).
Parentheses
Rivers stated that it was too much
information (TMI)(2009).
Rivers stated that it was too much
information (TMI; 2009).
USE A SERIAL COMMA.
(Groucho, Chico, Harpo, & Zeppo, 1932)
Steelers, Penguins, and Pirates (2009)
Quick APA Review: Some Things Old,
Some Things New
Numbers 10 and above as numerals.
Nine and lower spelled out, with exceptions:
A 2-year-old boy; for 3 months, 10 days
New: about three years old
New: three participants (not 3); three subjects.
New in the 6th edition
Bullets are now allowed.
The preferred food choices of State Fair goers are
• chocolate chip cookies,
• anything on a stick, and
• deep-fried cheese curds.
Little APA Things
• The term subjects is now permitted. Still better:
participants, or clients, or managers, or
something specific.
• Lowercase theories (theory of learned behavior).
• Lowercase disorders or diseases (bipolar disorder,
posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD], multiple
sclerosis)
• New: Appendices instead of appendixes.
Questions?
• Up next:
– Heading levels
– Sample paper
Headings
• Use more headings rather than fewer.
• Keep in mind your reader is a slow
processor.
• Create a path for your reader to follow.
• BUT you still need to transition between
your paragraphs.
The heading levels are completely
different
Here is APA 5th edition.
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW [L5]
History of the Florida Citrus Industry [L1]
Blah blah blah I can’t say enough about a market economy.
Herr Sunkist’s Arrival [L3]
Blah blah Baron von Sunkist blah blah ya di ya di da da fortune in the German
hops industry blah moved to Florida for the weather.
Why apples didn’t work . [L4] He tried cabbage and planting wiener schnitzel
and eventually spent millions on apples to no avail.
Dependable Cheap Labor [L3]
Blah blah blah Sunkist exploited blah blah ya da da exploited ya did da and
exploited as if Florida cares about migrant laborers.
Union busting in sunny Florida. Blah blah antiunion blah blah.
The heading levels are completely
different
Here is APA 6th edition: 3.03
Chapter 2: Literature Review [L0]
Walden invention
History of the Florida Citrus Industry [L1]
The rise of the citrus industry is a testament to the beauty of capitalism.
Herr Sunkist’s Arrival [L2]
Blah blah Baron von Sunkist blah blah yada yada fortune in the German hops
industry blah moved to Florida for the weather.
Why apples didn’t work. [L3] He tried cabbage and planting wiener schnitzel
and eventually spent millions on apples to no avail.
Dependable cheap labor [L4]. Blah blah blah Sunkist exploited blah blah yada
yada exploited migrant laborers.
Union busting in sunny Florida [L5]. Blah blah antiunion blah blah.
Chapter 2: Literature Review [L0]
History of the Florida Citrus Industry [L1]
The rise of the citrus industry is a testament to the beauty of capitalism.
Herr Sunkist’s Arrival [L2]
Blah blah Baron von Sunkist blah blah yada yada fortune in the German hops
industry blah moved to Florida for the weather.
Why apples didn’t work. [L3] He tried cabbage and planting wiener schnitzel
and eventually spent millions on apples to no avail.
All new levels
Dependable cheap labor [L4]. Blah blah blah Sunkist exploited
blah
blah
using
using
bolds
bolds.
and yada
italics and
yada exploited migrant laborers.
Union busting in sunny Florida [L5]. Blah blah antiunion blah blah.
Creating Academic Voice and Tone
• Do not use contractions
• Do not use the second person
• Do not use we or our (unless talking about
yourself and fellow researchers)
• Do not ask questions in text
• Do not directly address your reader
• Remove your personal experience,
background, and observations
Questions?
• Up next:
– Sample paper
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