Transcript The 1970’s

The 1970’s
The Age of Limits
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THE NIXON
ADMINISTRATION
1969-1974
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I. Nixon’s New Conservatism
A. New Federalism: Nixon's plan to limit the
size and power of the federal government
by distributing a portion of federal power
to state and local governments.
1. revenue sharing allowed state and local
governments to spend their federal dollars
however they saw fit within certain
limitations. .
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I. Nixon’s New Conservatism
B. Family Assistance
Plan Nixon
believed that this
would make the
welfare system
more efficient.
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I. Nixon’s New Conservatism
C. Nixon increased
Social-Security,
Medicare and
Medicaid payments.
Subsidized housing
and expanded Job
Corps.
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D. Law and Order Politics
1. The FBI illegally
wiretapped left-wing
individuals and
organizations.
2. CIA compiled
documents on
American dissidents.
3. IRS audited tax
returns of antiwar and
civil rights activists.
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II. Apollo Missions
A. Apollo 11’s crew of
Michael Collins,
Neil Armstrong and
Buzz Aldrin lift off
on July 16, 1969.
B. Neil Armstrong will
be the first man to
step on the lunar
surface on July 20,
1969.
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II. Apollo Missions
C. Other Missions
follow, Apollo 13
almost ends in
disaster.
D. The Apollo
missions would
end with Apollo
17 in 1972.
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III. Nixon’s Southern Strategy
A. Since Reconstruction, the South had been
a Democratic stronghold.
B. Alabama Governor George Wallace
carried five Southern states and 13 % of
the vote.
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III. Nixon’s Southern Strategy
C. By 1972 - 90% of
children in the
South attended
desegregated
schools.
D. Nixon asked
Congress to stop
the forced bussing.
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III. Nixon’s Southern Strategy
E.
1.
2.
Nixon promised to do
something about the
"liberal" court
In 1969, Earl Warren
was replaced as Chief
Justice by Warren E.
Burger.
By 1971, Nixon had
replaced four justices,
making the court more
conservative-including
William Renquist.
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IV. Nixon Confronts a Stagnant
Economy
A. Stagflation the
dual problems of
rising
unemployment
and inflation
encountered
during the Nixon
years.
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IV. Nixon Confronts a Stagnant
Economy
B. During the 1970s, a
number of nations
formed OPEC in order to
control the price of oil.
 Yom Kippur War Oct.
6,1973 Syria and Egypt
invade Israel. U.S.
supported Israel .
 Fall of 1973-March 1974
OPEC cut off oil sales to
the U.S.
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IV. Nixon Confronts a Stagnant
Economy
E. Nixon was
LEAST successful
in his attempts to
control inflation.
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V. Nixon’s Policy Triumphs
A. Henry Kissinger
was Nixon's advisor
for national security
affairs and, later, as
secretary of state,
he was the chief
architect of Nixon's
foreign policy.
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V. Nixon’s Policy Triumphs
Realpolitik: a foreign
policy in which nations
deal with each other in a
practical and flexible
manner.
C. Détente: a foreign
relations policy adopted
by the United States
during the Nixon
administration to ease
Cold War tensions.
B.
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V. Nixon’s Policy Triumphs
D. Henry Kissinger
believed that the MAIN
consideration of the
United States in
conducting relations
with another nation is
that nations power.
E. Nixon's presidency, is
the first to officially
recognize the People's
Republic of China.
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F. Nixon in the U.S.S.R.
1. After the China visit
Nixon travels to the
Soviet Union.
2. Soviet Premier
Brezhnev and Nixon
signed the SALT I
Treaty This five-year
agreement limited the
number of
intercontinental
ballistic missiles and
submarine-launched
missiles
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Nixon's Downfall Watergate
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I. President Nixon and His
White House
A. By the time Nixon
arrives in the White
House, the presidency
has taken on an air of
supreme or imperial,
authority.
B. The Presidents Men –
H.R. Haldeman, John
Erlichman, John Dean
and John Mitchell.
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II. The Drive Toward Reelection
A. June 17, 1972, the
"plumbers" were caught
breaking into the offices
of the Democratic
National Committee.
B. The leader James
McCord was also an
official for the
Committee to Reelect
the President (CREEP)
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C. The Watergate
cover-up began
immediately AFTER
the burglars were
arrested.
D. The Washington Post
Bob Woodward and
Carl Bernstein begin
to write a series of
articles on the breakin.
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III. The Cover-Up Unravels
A. Judge John Sirica
presided over the
trial.
B. McCord sends a
letter stating E.
Howard Hunt and G.
Gordon Liddy were
involved in the
cover-up.
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III. The Cover-Up Unravels
C. Dean is fired,
Haldeman and
Erlichman resign.
D. President Nixon
authorized the
appointment of a
special prosecutor to
investigate
Watergate.
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E. The Senate Investigation
 In May 1973, a special committee chaired by Sen.
Sam Ervin of North Carolina call Nixon
administrators to give testimony.
 Sen. Howard Baker (R) From Tennessee asks, “
What did the president know and when did he
know it?”
 John Dean said that Nixon was deeply involved in
the cover-up.
 Alexander Butterfield said Nixon taped everything
in the Oval Office.
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F. The Saturday Night Massacre
 Special prosecutor Archibald Cox requests
the tapes.
 Nixon claims executive privilege and orders
Cox to be fired.
 This became known as the Saturday Night
Massacre.
 Vice-President Spiro T. Agnew resigns after
it was revealed he took bribes before
becoming Vice-President.
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IV. The Fall of the President.
A. Under the 25th
Amendment Nixon
appoints Gerald Ford
as V.P.
B. Mitchell, Haldeman
and Erlichman are
indicted.
C. Nixon releases
transcripts of the
tapes.
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D. The President Resigns
 July 24, 1974 the
Supreme Court orders
Nixon to hand over the
tapes.
 July 27, the House
Judiciary Committee
approved three article
of impeachment.
 Aug. 8th Nixon resigns
as president.
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V. Aftermath of Watergate
A. Gerald Ford is sworn
in as the 38th
president. The first to
become president by
NOT being elected.
B. Henry Kissinger,
escaped the
Watergate scandal
with little damage to
his reputation.
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FORD AND CARTER
YEARS
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I. Ford Travels a Rough Road
A. Sept. 8, 1974, Ford
pardons Nixon.
B. Ford asks Americans
to WIN (Whip
Inflation Now) by
cutting back on
energy consumption.
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C. Ford cuts
government spending
and asks the Federal
Reserve Board to
“tighten” the money
supply by increasing
interest rates.
D. Triggers the worst
recession in 40 years.
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E. Ford’s Foreign Policy
 Helsinki Accord: U.S. and the U.S.S.R. and
33 other countries promised great
cooperation between East and West.
 Orders an air strike on Cambodia after they
took a U.S. merchant ship.
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F. Ford v. Congress
 Democrats call for a federal jobs program.
 Gerald Ford was responsible for vetoing
more than 50 pieces of legislation .
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II. Election of 1976
A. Republicans
nominate Gerald
Ford over Ronald
Reagan.
B. Democrats nominate
Jimmy Carter a
former governor of
Georgia.
C. Carter wins a close
election
“I will never tell a lie
to the American people.”
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D. The Carter White House
1. Carter brought a
down to earth style to
the Oval Office.
2. He copied FDR’s
“fire-side chats” and
held “phone-ins.”
3. Carter refused to play
the “insider” game
and lost out to
Congress.
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III. Carter’s Domestic Agenda
A. Carter focused most of
his attention to energy.
B. National Energy Act
tax on gas guzzlers,
encouraged development
of alternative energy
resources and removed
price controls on oil and
natural gas in the U.S.
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IV. The Economy Worsens
A. OPEC raise oil prices.
B. Carter’s measures fail to
bring relief.
C. By 1980, inflation rose
to 14%, unemployment
to 7.1%.
D. Approval rating at 26%.
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E. Changing Economy
1. Rise of service jobs
and decline of
manufacturing jobs
hurt the economy.
2. Growing competition
overseas from West
Germany and the
Pacific Rim.
3. The automotive
industry hit the
hardest.
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F. Carter and Civil Rights
1. Carter appointed civil rights leader Andrew
Young as U.S. ambassador to the U.N.
2. Carter appointed 28 African-American, 29
Women and 14 Latinos to the Judicial
branch.
3. Regents of the University of California v.
Bakke Bakke (a white) argued that the
medical schools affirmative-action policies
were unconstitutional.
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V. Carter’s Foreign Policy
A. Carter based most of
his foreign policy on
human rights.
B. Carter cut off
military aid to
Argentina and Brazil
for human rights
violations.
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C. The Panama Canal
1. In 1977, Carter signs
a treaty with Panama
handing over
operations on
December 31, 1999.
2. Treaty ratified by one
vote in the Senate
68-32.
3. Brings warmer
relations in Latin
America.
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D. Collapse of Detente
1. Carter’s human
rights policy cools
relations with the
USSR.
2. US and USSR sign
SALT II (limits
strategic weapons
and nuclear-missile
launchers.) June
1979.
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3. USSR invades Afghanistan.
1. Carter refuses to fight for the ratification of SALT II.
2. Carter leads a U.S. boycott of the Summer Olympic
Games in Moscow 1980.
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VI. Triumphs and Failures in the
Middle East.
A. Camp David Accords
Carter helped forge a
peace between Israeli
Prime Minister
Menachem Begin
and Egyptian
President Anwar
Sadat.
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B. Iran Hostage Crises
1. U.S. supported the shah of Iran although
he was corrupt.
2. In January 1979, a revolution breaks out
led by the Ayatollah Khomeini.
3. The shah was overthrown and was
allowed to enter the U.S. for cancer
treatment.
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B. Hostage Crises
4. On November, 4,
1979 armed students
seize the U.S.
Embassy in Teheran
and took 52
Americans hostage.
5. The militants
demand the U.S.
send the shah back to
Iran.
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B. Hostage Crises
6.
7.
8.
Carter responds by
freezing Iranian assets.
The hostages were
finally released on
January 20 ,1981. They
were held captive for
444 days.
As a result Carter loses
to Ronald Reagan in the
1980 Presidential
election.
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ENVIRONMENTAL
ACTIVISM
SECTION 4
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I. The Roots of
Environmentalism
A. Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring prompts the
nation to begin addressing environmental
issues.
B. In 1963, Congress passed the Clean Air
Act which regulated car and industry
emissions.
C. In 1972, the government outlawed DDT.
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II. Environmental Concerns in
the 1970’s
A. April 22, 1970 the
first Earth Day is
celebrated.
B. Nixon forms the
Environmental
Protection Agency.
C. Nixon signed the
Clean Air Act into
law.
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D. Energy and Conservation
1. Oil discovery in
Alaska leads to the
building of the 800
mile long Alaska
Pipeline.
2. Over 160 million
acres are turned over
to conservation in
Alaska.
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E. Nuclear Energy
1. Nuclear Energy
seems to be the best
alternative to oil.
2. In March of 1979, a
core reactor
overheated at Three
Mile Island.
3. The Nuclear
Regulatory
Commission
strengthen its
standards.
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III. A Continuing Movement
A. Americans continue to show great concern
for the nation’s environmental issues.
B. Issues such as the earth’s ozone and global
warming were the major topics of the
1980’s and 90’s.
C. The U.S. works to strike a balance
between economic progress and
conservation.
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