Transcript Document

A2 Revision - 1
•
•
Based on previous questions, and
potential answers to those questions
©Subject Support 2012
Revision topics – chosen by your
teachers
Application of Forces
2. Commercialisation
3. Olympic Ideals
4. Krebs cycle
5. Aggression
6. Support from organisations for elite athletes
7. Projectile motion
8. PNF stretching
1.
©Subject Support 2012
Application of forces - Typical
question
Jan 08 Qu 3
Maximising effort during performance is largely concerned
with the correct application of forces.
What forces act on a player when they are running during
a game?
(3 marks)
June 2010
Using ‘Newton’s First and Second Laws of Motion, explain
how a swimmer dives off the starting blocks.
(4 marks)
©Subject Support 2012
Forces
movement ;
Forces cause
A force is a
push or a pull
“A force is that which alters or tends to
state of rest or of
alter a body’s
in a straight line.”
uniform motion
If a body changes
has been
force applied
direction
or
velocity
,a
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Forces affecting motion





Muscular/action forces
Reaction forces
Gravity
Air resistance
Friction
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Forces acting on a sprinter
Air
resistance
Gravity
Friction
Equal and opposite Ground
Reaction Force
Action force of muscular
contraction
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Newton’s Laws
1st Law:
A body will remain in its
until affected by a
rest
• A body has a
reluctance
state of motion
/
force
to change its
state of motion
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Applying Newton’s 1st Law
set position on
• Sprinter remains in
force causes him to
blocks until a
change his
state of motion
• Ball keeps moving until a
causes it to change its
force
state of motion
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2nd Law - Momentum

All objects in motion have mass and
velocity
Product =
 Momentum =

(m x v) momentum
quantity of motion
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Newton’s 2nd Law
• The rate of change of
is
directly proportional
to the force causing
the change, and the change takes place in
the
directionin which the force was
applied
• In sport, mass remains constant and
therefore momentum equates to
acceleration
momentum
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Applying Newton’s 2nd Law
directionof
• The magnitude (size) and
force applied by the sprinter to the blocks
magnitude
determines
the
and
acceleration– because mass
of
received
remains direction
constant
• Acceleration is
to
proportional
applied
force
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Newton’s 3rd Law
• To every force there is an
opposite reaction force
equal
and
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Applying Newton’s 3rd Law
The sprinter applies a muscular force
the ground.
reaction
 This results in a
force that
causes movement


The sprinter cannot move the

Reaction force from ground =
Ground Reaction Force
to
earth/blocks
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Commercialisation - Typical question
Many elite sports are now commercialised and seen as a
form of entertainment.
Discuss the suggestion that an increase in the
‘commercialisation’ of sport has been beneficial for
performers and the sport.
(7 marks)
©Subject Support 2012
Commercialisation
Idea of sporting events being used to make
money
 Sport gains income from:
sponsorship
Spectators

/ media /
/

merchandising

Income used to pay players –

Commercialism increases in last
professionals
30 years
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Commercialisation
• Sport seen as a
commodity
• Where the market becomes the driving
force in sport
TV rights
• The sale of
- the major
source of sports funding
• Broadcasting rights for Premier League
now worth
£1.1 billion a year
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Media and sport
Sport – cheap – to report/show
sales
 More readers/viewers – more
,
more
, more income
advertising
 Need to make information provided
interesting – inform or sensationalise

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Role of sport to media
Adapted to suit demands of media
 Share of entertainment market –
peak time viewing
 Increased interest –
more participants
 Income from TV rights
 Marketing and advertising income

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Television and advertising
 TV
cameras – logos on pitch
 Pre-game /during game advertising
hoardings
 Advertising
in media
 Sponsors name /logo
 Sponsor:
competition
venue
stand
©Subject Support 2012
Sport Has Changed For TV
One day and 20:20
cricket
shoot outs
 Penalty
 Timings – starts/kick-off to suit TV

more viewers
Use of hawkeye in tennis/cricket
 3rd umpire in cricket /TMO in
 Camera
angles/position/playercam

rugby
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TV changes sport
improved what we can watch
TV has
and when and how we watch
 Also brings sports we might never
normally watch - sumo wrestling ,
armchair spectators
 Become converted to


Reduces
participation?
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Changing the characteristics of
sport
Changing the format of play –
tennis tie breaks
 Changing the competition structure –
Champions League/ RU premiership
 Changing the rules to simplify them –
American scoring – badminton/volleyball
 Changing the rules to make game ‘flow’ –

one-day/20:20 cricket
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Professional performer - a commercial
object?
like a business
Signs contract –
‘hired and fired’
 Can be
 Brings in money through
advertising

endorsements
 Exploit image for company goals –
marketability
 Financial rewards
based on results
©Subject Support 2012
Olympic ideals
• Individuals performing
Not teams/Nations
fairly
 Striving to win  Taking part more important than
• Amateur – for the love of sport


winning
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Olympism

Competing with spirit of
sportsmanship
Symbols:
rings
 Olympic
 Olympic oath
financial support
 Virtually gone due to
needed to compete
 IOC accept professional performers –
‘amateur spirit’
©Subject Support 2012
Kreb’s cycle - Typical question
At the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, David Davies won the
silver medal in the swimming 10 kilometre marathon event,
in a time of 1 hour 51 minutes and 53.1 seconds.
Explain how the majority of energy used during the race
would be provided.
(7 marks)
©Subject Support 2012
Kreb’s cycle
Carbohydrates - glycogen/glucose broken down in series of reactions to
pyruvate
 Called
glycolysis
ATP resynthesis
 Some energy released for
 Fats (fatty acids) prepared through
β -oxidation ready for
in
Kreb’s cycle

mitochondria
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Kreb’s cycle
Pyruvate converted into
Acetyl Co- A
Kreb’s cycle
 Enters
carbon dioxide
 Hydrogen removed leaving
ATP resynthesised
 Some
Electron Transport Chain
 Hydrogen to
water
 Oxidised to
 Releases large amounts of energy for

ATP resynthesis
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Aggression - Typical question
Trait theories may be used to explain several psychological constructs.
(a)Sport may increase or decrease the likelihood of aggressive behaviour
occurring among competitors. How may trait theory be used to
explain aggression in sport?
(2 marks)
(b)Use the frustration-aggression hypothesis to explain why this may
happen.
(2 marks)
(c)Explain why incidents of aggression occur only occasionally in team
games.
(2 marks)
©Subject Support 2012
Aggression
“Any form of behaviour directed
toward the goal of harming or injuring
another living being who is motivated
to avoid such treatment”
Aggression is:
1.
a behaviour/action;
2. intentional;
3. to cause harm;
4. outside the rules;
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Forms of Aggression
Instrumental –aggression used to increase
winning
chances of
 Hostile - aggression with injury as
main aim
 Constructive use of force in sport =
assertion
 Channelled aggression – diverting
useful actions
aggressive feelings into

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Instinct theory
Aggression inherited
released
 Builds up – needs to be
violence
 Displaced into sport rather than
 Release = catharsis
hostile
 Theory suggests most aggression is
instrumental
, but some is
Social learning as a means of control


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Frustration-aggression hypothesis
aggression
Frustration leads to
 Aggression comes from
frustration
opposition
 In sport,
prevents attainment
of
- leadsgoals
to frustration, especially
if
unexpected

Aggression released – cathartic – but not
always
frustration leads to
 But, not all
aggression

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Aggressive-cue theory
Not all frustration leads to aggression
learned cues
 Only occurs if certain
present
Such as:
 Coach
aggression
encouraging
Reinforcement

of behaviours
sports
objects or
 Certain
experiences
 Previous
 Depends on
situation

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Social learning theory
Learn

to be aggressive
 Observation of significant others
repeating actions
Reinforcement leads to
Punishment prevents
copying
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Strategies to reduce aggression
Strategies both for player and coach
• Punish aggressive play
• Reinforce assertive play
• Reduce arousal
• Avoid aggressive situation
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Elite Athlete Support - Typical
question
To maximise the chances of winning medals at major
championships, such as the Olympic Games, performers
need the support of many organisations.
Outline and explain the structure of the World Class
Performance Pathway.
(3 marks)
Explain the support structures for elite performers
provided by the National institutes of excellence, such as
the English Institute of Sport.
(4 marks)
©Subject Support 2012
Role of National Governing Bodies
club and competition
Develop
structure
 Manage development strategies –
,
, etc
WCP
 Develop
structure
TASS
 Manage
coaching
 Enforce
representative teams

of sport

rules and regulations
Promotion
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Whole Sports Plans
WSP – plan for all – grass roots to elite
 WSP directs Sport England funding
 Identifies
NGB’s needs
 Links with partners – PESSYP
 ‘Measures’ how well NGBs doing

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UK Sport
Aims:
elite athletes
 Development of
 Attracting and running major sporting
events in UK
Doping prevention and testing
no longer!
central government and
 Funded by
Lottery
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UK Sport
Full responsibility for allOlympic and
Paralympic performance-related support
World Class Performance
 Runs
programme,

Talented Athlete Scholarship Scheme
English Institutes of Sport

All funding and support integrated
©Subject Support 2012
World Class Performance Pathway
Three levels:
 World Class Podium –
2012 medal hopes
World Class Development – potential
2016 winners
 World Class Talent – identify and develop
potential
2020 performers

©Subject Support 2012
Funding Of Elite Performers
1.
2.
3.
4.
Lottery grants via
NGB
Sponsorship – group and personal
Appearance money
Prize money
Many/majority do not receive
or prize money
appearance
©Subject Support 2012
English Institute of Sport – ‘making
the best better’
One of 4 National Institutes
• 9 regional sites
sports science
 Support –
,
medicine, physiology, diet and
nutrition advice, mechanics,
fitness testing and conditioning,
information
 Athlete Career Education

©Subject Support 2012
Projectile motion – Typical question
The flight of a golf ball is said to be parabolic. Explain the
term parabolic and the main factors that limit the distance
that a golf ball will travel in flight.
(4 marks)
©Subject Support 2012
Projectile motion
•Flightpath =
parabola
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Components
Motion of projectile has
Vertical component
Horizontal component

two components
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Projectile motion
Vertical
component
Horizontal
component
Vertical motion affected by gravity –
decreases
Horizontal motion is affected by friction –
negligible
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Variations in vertical and
horizontal components
This causes the observed parabolic flight and
affects the motion components as follows:
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Projectile motion
Factors affecting distance travelled:
• Speed of release
•Height of release
• Angle of release
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Typical question – PNF stretching
As part of their preparation elite athletes may try to
improve their performance through Proprioceptive
Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) training.
What is the main benefit of PNF training and explain how
PNF training works?
(4 marks)
©Subject Support 2012
Proprioceptive neuromuscular
facilitation
Means of improving
flexibility
 Requires a partner
stretch reflex –
 Works by disengaging
allows greater range of movement
 CRAC
– contract-relax, antagonistcontract

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Proprioceptive neuromuscular
facilitation
Joint stretched to normal limit/range
 Isometric contraction of
antagonist – held for
few seconds – cancels
stretch reflex


Increased
range of movement possible
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©Subject Support 2012