Transcript Respiratory System - The Learning Resource Center

Respiratory
System
HST I
Includes:
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Nasal cavity
Sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Epiglottis
Trachea
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Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Lungs
Pleura
Mediastinum
Main organs involved in the
respiratory system:
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Nose/mouth
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Alveoli (within
lungs)
• Lungs
Nasal Cavity
• Anterior Nares = nostrils
• Nasal Septum = cartilage
which divides nasal cavities
into right and left sides
• Turbinates are bones that
protrude into the nasal
cavity – they increase the
surface area for filtering
dust and dirt particles by the
mucous membranes
• Cilia – the hairs in the nose;
trap larger dirt particles
Sinuses:
• Cavities in the skull,
ducts connect them to
the nasal cavity, lined
with mucous
membranes to warm and
moisten air
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Frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
• Sinuses give resonance
to the voice.
Pharynx
• The throat
• Common passageway for
air and food
• 5” long
• Divided into:
– Nasopharynx
– Oropharynx
– Laryngopharynx
When food is swallowed, the epiglottis
closes over the opening to the larynx,
preventing food from entering the lungs.
Larynx
• Voice box
• Triangular
chamber below
the pharynx
• Within the
larynx are
vocal cords
(glottis)
• Adam’s Apple
Trachea
• Windpipe
• 4 ½” long
• Walls are alternate bands of
membrane and C shaped
rings of hyaline cartilage –
to keep trachea open
• Lined with ciliated mucous
membranes
• Coughing and
expectoration gets rid of
dust-laden mucous
Bronchi and bronchioles
• Lower end of trachea
divides into R and L
bronchus
• As they enter lungs,
subdivide into
bronchial tubes and
bronchioles
• Bronchi – similar to
trachea with ciliated
mucous membrane
and hyaline cartilage
• Bronchial tubes – cartilaginous plates
(instead of C-shaped rings)
• Bronchioles – thinner walls of smooth
muscle, lined with ciliated epithelium
• At the end, alveolar ducts and cluster of
alveoli
Alveoli
• Composed of a single layer
of epithelial tissue
• Inner surfaces covered with
surfactant – to keep alveoli
from collapsing
• Each alveolus surrounded by
capillaries
• O2 and CO2 exchange takes
place between the alveoli and
capillaries (diffusion)
Lungs
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Fill thoracic cavity
Separated by mediastinum and heart
Upper part = apex
Lower part = base
Base fits snugly over diaphragm
Lung tissue porous and spongy – it floats
R lung = larger and shorter (displaced by
the liver) and has 3 lobes
• L lung = smaller (displaced by heart) and
has 2 lobes
Diaphragm
• Large domeshaped muscle
that contracts
rhythmically,
continually, and
most of the time,
involuntarily.
Pleura
• Thin, moist slippery membrane that
covers the lungs
• Double-walled sac
• Space is pleural cavity – filled with pleural
fluid to prevent friction
Mediastinum
• Interpleural space
• Contains
– Thymus gland
– Heart (and aorta)
– Pulmonary arteries and veins
– Superior and inferior vena cava
– Esophagus
– Trachea
– Thoracic duct
– Lymph nodes and vessels
Functions of the Respiratory System
1. External, internal, and cellular respiration
2. Production of sound (vocal cords)
• Oxygen is the MOST critical substance
needed by the body for survival.
– We can only live about 4-6 minutes without
oxygen.
– Arterial blood = 21% O2
– Venous blood = 16% (5% loss per cycle)
• Clinical death – the moment breathing and
heartbeat stop
• Biological death – when brain cells die,
irreversible after 6 – 10 minutes
• Constant removal of carbon dioxide is just
as important for survival – maintains
homeostasis
Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)
• Inspiration
– Intercostal muscles lift ribs outward,
sternum rises and the diaphragm
contracts and moves downward – this
increases the volume of the lungs and
air rushes in
• Expiration
– Opposite action takes place
– Exhalation is a passive process
Respiratory Movements
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1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration
Normal adult = 14 – 20 respirations / min
Age dependent - newborn = 40 – 60 / min
Increases with exercise, body
temperature, certain diseases
• Sleep = respirations ↓
• Emotion can ↑ or ↓
Lung Capacity and Volume
• Spirometer – device that measures lung
capacity
• Tidal Volume – amount of air that moves
in and out of lungs with each breath.
– Normal = 500 mL
• Residual Volume – amount of air left in
lungs that cannot be voluntarily expelled
• Hyperventilation –
– Rapid breathing causes body to lose CO2 too
quickly, blood CO2 decreases which leads to
alkalosis
– Symptoms – dizziness and possible fainting
– Rx – have person breathe into a paper bag
Maintaining Transmission-Based Isolation
Precautions
• A communicable disease is
caused by a pathogenic
organism that can be easily
transmitted to others
• An epidemic occurs when
the communicable disease
spreads rapidly from
person to person and
affects a large number of
people at the same time
• A pandemic exists when
the outbreak of disease
occurs over a wide
geographic area and
affects a high proportion of
the population
Maintaining Transmission-Based Isolation
Precautions
• Transmission-based isolation precautions
are methods or techniques of caring for
patients who have communicable diseases
– Examples of communicable diseases include:
• Tuberculosis
• Wound infections
• Pertussis (whooping cough)
Transmission-Based Isolation Precautions
• The type of transmission-based isolation
depends on the causative organism of the
disease, the way the organism is transmitted
and whether the pathogen is antibiotic
resistant.
• Personal protective equipment (PPE) is used
to provide protection from the pathogen.
– Some transmission-based isolation require the
use of gowns, gloves, face shields and masks,
while others only require the use of a mask.
What’s the difference between standard
precautions and isolation precautions?
• Standard precautions are used on all
patients, while transmission-based isolation
techniques are used to provide extra
protection against specific diseases or
pathogens to prevent their spread
Vs.
Airborne Precautions
• Used for patients known or suspected to be
infected with pathogens transmitted by
airborne droplet nuclei, where the droplets
contain microorganisms and remain
suspended in the air.
• Examples of diseases requiring isolation
include rubella (measles), varicella (chicken
pox), tuberculosis, and shingles (herpes
zoster).
Airborne Precautions (cont.)
• The patient must be placed in a private room, and
the door must be kept closed.
• Air in the room must be discharged to outdoor air
or filtered before being circulated to other areas.
• Each person must wear a mask that contains
special filter to prevent the entrance of small
airborne pathogens.
• If at all possible, the patient should not be moved
from the room. If transport is essential, the patient
should wear a surgical mask during transport to
minimize the release of droplets into the air.
Droplet Precautions
• Must be followed for a patient known or
suspected to be infected with pathogens
transmitted by large droplets expelled during
coughing, sneezing, talking or laughing.
• Examples of diseases requiring these
isolation precautions include diphtheria,
pertussis, adenovirus, mumps and severe
cases of viral influenza, meningitis and
pneumonia.
Droplet Precautions (cont.)
• The patient should be placed in a private
room. If a private room is not available, the
patient can be placed in a room with another
patient who has the same infection at least 3
feet away from other patients or visitors.
• Masks must be worn when working within 3
feet of the patient.
• If the patients has to be transported, they
must wear a surgical mask.
Contact Precautions
• Must be followed for any patients known or
suspected to be infected with
epidemiologically microorganisms that can
be transmitted by either direct or indirect
contact.
• Examples of diseases requiring this type of
isolation include any gastrointestinal,
respiratory, skin, or wound infections caused
by multidurg-resistant organisms; any highly
contagious skin infection; and viral or
hemorrhagic conjunctivitis or fevers.
Contact Precautions (cont.)
• The patient should be placed in a private room.
• Gloves must be worn when entering the room.
• Gloves must be changed after having contact with material
that may contain high concentrations of the
microorganisms, such as wound drainage or fecal material.
• Gloves must be removed before leaving the room, and the
hands must be wash with an antimicrobial agent.
• A gown must be worn in the room if there is any chance of
contact with the patient, environmental surfaces or items in
the room. The gown must be removed before leaving the
room and care must be taken to ensure that clothing is not
contaminated after gown removal.
Contact Precautions (cont.)
• Movement and transport of the patient from the
room should be for essential purposes only.
• The room and items in it must receive daily
cleaning and disinfection as needed.
• If possible, patient-care equipment (bedside
commode, stethoscope, thermometer) should be
left in the room and used only for this patient. If not,
all equipment must be cleaned and disinfected
before being used on another patient.
Reverse Isolation Precautions
• Used to protect patients from organisms
present in the environment.
• Examples of patients requiring this isolation
include patients whose immune systems
have been depressed prior to receiving
transplants, severely burned patients,
patients receiving chemotherapy or radiation
treatments, or patients whose immune
systems have failed.
Pulse Oximetry
• A noninvasive tool
• Monitors a patient’s oxygen status
• Infrared light source measures light
• Measures peripheral oxygen saturation of
Hgb (SaO2)
Normal levels
• Hgb is the oxygen carrier in the blood
• Normal saturation is 97-99%
LEV ELS
• At 92 – 96 % the pt needs O2
• At 86-91% the pt is experiencing hypoxemia
• Below 85% the pt needs ET intubation
• Below 70% is life threatening
False readings
• Abnormal hemogoblin
• Vasoconstriction
• Hypothermia
• Cardiac dysrhythmias
Sensor locations
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Forehead
Nasal
Ear clip
Fingers
Types of sensors
• Reusable
• Single use
Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
• Asthma- a respiratory disorder usually
caused by a sensitivity to an allergen such
as dust, pollen, an animal, medications or a
type of food
Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
• Bronchitis- an inflammation of the bronchi
and bronchial tubes
Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD)- any chronic lung disease that
results in obstruction of the airways
Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
• Emphysema- a noninfectious, chronic
respiratory condition that occurs when the
walls of the alveoli deteriorate and lose their
elasticity.
Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
• Epistaxis- also known as a nosebleed,
occurs when capillaries in the nose become
congested and bleed
Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
• Influenza (flu)- a highly contagious viral
infection of the upper respiratory system
Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
• Laryngitis- an inflammation of the larynx and
vocal cords
Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
• Lung Cancer- is the leading cause of
cancer death in both men and women.
– It is a preventable disease because the main
cause is exposure to carcinogens in tobacco,
either through smoking or through exposure to
“second-hand” smoke
Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
• Pleurisy- an inflammation of the pleura, or
membranes, of the lungs
– Usually occurs with pneumonia or other lung
infections
Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
• Pneumonia- an inflammation or infection of
the lungs characterized by exudate ( a
buildup of fluid) in the alveoli.
Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
• Rhinitis- an inflammation of the nasal
mucous membrane, resulting in a runny
nose, watery eyes, sneezing, soreness and
congestion.
Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
• Sinusitis- an inflammation of the mucous
membrane lining the sinuses
Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
• Sleep Apnea- a condition in which an
individual stops breathing while asleep,
causing a measurable decrease in blood
oxygen levels
– Two types of Sleep Apnea
• Obstructive Sleep Apnea
• Central Sleep Apnea
Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
• Tuberculosis (TB)- an infectious lung
disease caused by the bacterium
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
• Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)- or
common cold, is an inflammation of the
mucous membrane lining the upper
respiratory tract
Related Health Careers
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Internist
Otolaryngologist
Perfusionist
Pulmonologist
Respiratory Therapist
Respiratory Therapy Technician
Thoracic Surgeon
Medical Terminology
• Root Word(s):
– Rhin(o)- denotes the nose
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Rhinorrhea – runny nose
Rhinodynia- pain in the nose
Rhinolith- stone or rock in the nose
Rhinorrhagia- excessive discharge of blood in the
nose
• Rhinitis- inflammation of the nose
• Rhinomycosis- disease condition of fungus in the
nose
Medical Terminology
• Root Word(s):
• Pneumon(o); pneum(ato); pneum(a)denotes the lung
– Pneumonitis- inflammation in the lung
– Pneumonography- to record the lung
– Pneumoconiosis- disease condition of dust in
the
lung
– Pneumothorax- chest cavity in the lung
– Pneumocentesis- surgical puncture in the lung
Medical Terminology
• Root Word(s):
– Trache(o)- denotes the trachea
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Tracheotomy- surgical removal of the trachea
Tracheoplasty- surgical repair of the trachea
Tracheopathy- disease condition in the trachea
Tracheorrhaphy- to suture the trachea
Tracheitis- inflammation in the trachea
Medical Terminology
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Laryngeal- pertaining to the larynx
Laryngostenosis- abnormal hardening of the larynx
Laryngoscope- visual examination of the larynx
Laryngocentesis- surgical puncture of the larynx
Medical Terminology
• Root Word(s):
– Thorac(o)- denotes the thorax
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Thoracodynia- pain in the thorax
Thoracentesis- surgical puncture of the thorax
Thoracoscopy- visual examination of the thorax
Thoracoplasty- surgical repair of the thorax
Thoracotomy- surgical removal of the thorax
Medical Terminology
• Root Word(s):
– pnea- denotes breathing
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Eupnea- normal breathing
Dyspnea- difficult breathing
Orthopnea- straight breathing
Hyperpnea- excessive/above breathing
Tachypnea- fast breathing
Apnea- without breathing
Medical Terminology
• Root Word(s):
– Bronch(o)- denotes bronchi
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Bronchiectasis- dilation of the bronchi
Bronchitis- inflammation in the bronchi
Bronchoscopy- visual examination of the bronchi
Bronchoplegia- paralysis of the bronchi
Bronchopneumonitis- inflammation of the lung and
bronchi
Medical Terminology
• Root Word(s):
– Pleur(o)- denotes the membrane lining the chest cavity
and covering the lungs
• Pleuralgia- pain in the membrane lining the chest
cavity and covering the lungs
• Pleuroclysis- washing out in the membrane lining the
chest cavity and covering the lungs
• Pleuritis- inflammation in the membrane lining the
chest cavity and covering the lungs
• Pleurotomy- surgical incision in the membrane lining
the chest cavity and covering the lungs
• Pleurocentesis- surgical puncture of the membrane lining
the chest cavity and covering the lungs
Medical Terminology
• Root Word(s):
– Pharyng(o)- denotes the pharynx
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Pharyngonasal- pertaining to the nose of the pharynx
Pharyngitis- inflammation of the pharynx
Pharyngoscope- visual examination of the pharynx
Pharyngostenosis- abnormal hardening of the
pharynx
• Pharyngoxerosis- dry condition of the pharynx
Abbreviations (G-H)
• GB
• Gallbladder
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GI
gal
Gm
GA
gr
GTT
Gyn
Gastrointestinal
Gallon
Gram
Gastric Analysis
Grain
Glucose Tolerance Test
Gynecology
Abbreviations (G-H)
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H
H2O
H2O2
HBV
HCI
hct
HDL
Hg
Hgb
HHA
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Hydrogen
Water
Peroxide
Hepatitis B Virus
Hydrochloric Acid
Hematocrit
High-Density Lipoprotein
Mercury
Hemoglobin
Home Health Assistant
Abbreviations (G-H)
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HMO
HOB
HOH
Hr, hr, hrs
Ht
Hx
hypo
hyper
hyst
• Health Maintenance Organization
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Head of Bed
Hard of Hearing
Hour, hours
Height
History
Hypodermic, or under
Above, high
hysterectomy