Transcript New York State Intermediate Science Review

NAME ____________________
New York State
Intermediate Science Review
Mr. Amidon
The Living Environment
Life Science
The Physical Setting
Earth Science
Physics
Chemistry
Energy
Cells
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The Cell Theory states that:
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living things are composed of cells.
cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living
things.
all cells come from other cells.
Types of Cells
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Prokaryotic
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Simple; no nucleus or
organelles
Bacteria
Eukaryotic
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Larger, more complex
Many organelles
Found in Animals,
Plants, Fungi, &
Protists
These are the “cells”
you think of
Cell Organelles
Cell Membrane- surrounds the cells and controls entry and exit
Cytoplasm- the region between the cell membrane and the nucleus;
Liquid material that contain the organelles of the cell.
Nucleus- The "brain" of the cell. Contains the chromosomes.
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Chromosomes- Information center of the cell. Contain most of the genes,
which are made up of DNA. ...
Ribosome- helps to build proteins.
Endoplasmic Reticulum – transports proteins
Golgi Bodies- packages proteins
Mitochondria-Cellular respiration. Energy is produced.
Vacuole- storage center. Both wastes and nutrients.
Lysosomes- controls the enzymes that break down protein.
Not Found in Animal Cells
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Cell Wall- provides support and helps to protect planet cells.
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Chloroplasts- found only in plant cells. Contains chlorophyll, which
transforms CO2 and light energy into food and O2.
Photosynthesis & Respiration are
Opposite Reactions
In Photosynthesis:
Energy is used to create
sugars
Carbon Dioxide & Water are
Reactants
Oxygen in a Product
In Respiration:
Energy is released when
sugars are broken down
Food and Oxygen are
Reactants
Carbon Dioxide & Water are
Products
Cell Organization
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Organelles do life
functions for individual
cells
In multicellular
organisms, life functions
need to be taken care of
as a whole
Cells are become
specialized & organized
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Groups of cells with
similar functions are
TISSUES
Groups of tissues are
ORGANS
Organs that work
together form
ORGAN SYSTEMS
Body Systems
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Digestive
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Endocrine
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Electrical signals
Immune
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Chemical signals through
hormones
Nervous
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Break down food
Fight disease & infection
Circulatory
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Transport food & wastes
Body Systems
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Excretory
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Muscular & Skeletal
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Movement, support,
& protection
Respiratory
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Remove waste
Cycle Oxygen in,
Carbon dioxide out
Reproductive
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Specialized cell division
(meiosis)
Cell Division
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Cells split two different ways
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Mitosis
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Creates an exact replica of the
original cell (clone)
Most unicellular organisms
reproduce this way
Happens all the time in your
body
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Meiosis
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Results in a cell with
only ½ of the regular
chromosomes
Only happens in
sexually reproduction
Structure of DNA
Cancer
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Caused by change in DNA structure
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MUTATION
Uncontrolled cell division
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Produces too many cells, may not replicate correctly
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Produces a tumor
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Mass of cell created when cell divide and grow
uncontrollably
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IF a cell from a tumor breaks off and begins growing
in a new area, cancer can be spread (metastasis)
Reproduction
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Asexual
 Involves one parent
 Usually, offspring have exactly the same
genetic information as the parent.
This only changes if there is a mutation.
 TYPES
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Plants – runners, roots, grafting
Animals – budding
Protists/ Bacteria – Fission (Binary)
Sexual
 Involves two parents (usually)
 Genes are mixed
 Creates offspring different from parents
 SPECIES BENEFITS DUE TO VARIATION
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Less likely that one disease can wipe out a
whole population
Fertilization &
Development
Genetics
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Discovered when Gregor Mendel crossed pea plants
Sexual Reproduction produces variation because
genes come in pairs
(1 copy from mother, one copy from father)
Genes represent features seen in organisms
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Dominant genes (brown eyes, tall pea plants)
are always expressed if they are present
Recessive genes (blue eyes, short pea plants)
show only if the organism has two copies
Allow different traits to be seen in offspring
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If traits help offspring survive, the trait is passed on
Peppered Moths
Punnett Square
Capital represents dominant gene (T
= tall)
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Lowercase is recessive (t = short)
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Each parent has two copies & all
offspring have two copies, but ONLY
ONE COMES FROM EACH
PARENT!
TT = Homozygous tall
tt = Homozygous short
Tt = Heterozygous tall
T
T
t
Tt
Tt
t
Tt
Tt
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*Sometimes hybrids are mixes, like
white flowers crossed with red
flowers to make pink flowers
This is incomplete dominance
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0% will be Homozygous tall
0% will be Homozygous short
100% will be Heterozygous tall
T
Used to predict percentages of
offspring with certain traits
T
_____ will be Homozygous tall
_____ will be Homozygous short
_____ will be Heterozygous tall
t
t
Nutrition
Food provides fuel and building material.
All organisms release energy from food to carry out life functions.
Food contains nutrients, vitamins, carbohydrates, fats, proteins,
minerals and water.
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All of the above are necessary for survival of the organism.
Metabolism is the total of all chemical reactions.
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Your metabolism can be affected by your hormones, exercise, diet and
aging.
Food energy is measured in calories.
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Each organism requires a different amount of calories.
In order to maintain homeostasis all organisms need a minimum daily
requirement of calories
A change in caloric intake can cause weight loss/gain or disease.
Infectious disease, behavior and use of toxic substances can cause a
change in homeostasis.
During pregnancy these changes can affect the development of the child.
Some of these changes can affect your body immediately or may take
years to develop.
Energy Through Ecosystems
All energy for living things comes from the Sun originally
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The sun's energy in converted into sugar.
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Green plants and other organisms with chlorophyll carry
out photosynthesis.
The amount of sugar present in a green plant increases
with more sun light.
Photosynthesis provides the atmosphere with a major source of
oxygen.
Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Green plants are producers.
Energy from green plants is used by consumers directly or
indirectly.
Energy needs to be inputted from the Sun everyday!
Ecosystems
Population- all individuals of a species that live together.
Community- all populations living together in a particular area.
Ecosystem- the community and the physical factors with which it
interacts.
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All biotic and abiotic factors
Energy enters the ecosystem by the sun through green plants.
The process of photosynthesis converts sunlight into energy.
A food chain:
Food Web
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Interconnected food chains.
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Matter is transferred from one organism
to another and between organisms and
the environment.
Nutrient Cycles
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Energy is not cycled!
It is lost to the
environment!
Energy
Pyramids
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Energy is lost in a ecosystem
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The green circle represents the producer. All of the stored energy
in the body of the producer organism is eaten by the primary
consumer.
The second circle represents the primary consumer. Only the
stored energy is eaten by the secondary consumer.
The third circle above represents the secondary consumer. Only a
very small fraction (shown in green) of the producer's original
energy is stored by the secondary consumer. This energy is taken
into the body of the tertiary consumer.
As the energy is passed along the food chain much of it is
either used or lost. Therefore there is a limit to the number of
organisms in a food chain. The top carnivore is usually the third
or fourth consumer.
A = plankton, B = shrimp, C = fish, D = seagull
Niche & Habitat
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The habitat must supply the needs of organisms, such as food,
water, temperature, oxygen, and minerals.
 If the population's needs are not met, it will move to a better
habitat, or the population will not survive.
An organism's niche is their role in the ecosystem.
 If a habitat describes where an organisms lives, niche describes
what an organism does for a living.
 A niche is defined by the way the organism interacts with the
living and nonliving components of its ecosystem - what it eats,
the habitat it prefers, etc.
 Different species could occupy similar niches in different,
separate habitats.
 Organisms are basically classified on the basis of their niche as
decomposers, consumers, or producers.
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The niche of a tuna within its ecosystem is that of top predator
because it eats other animals and nothing eats it.
In that same ecosystem, a crab would be an omnivore because it
eats both plants and animals, and bacteria would be a decomposer.
Relationships Between Species
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Two different populations can not occupy
the same niche at the same time, so the
processes of competition, predation,
cooperation, and symbiosis occur.
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Parasitism – when two organisms live in a
way that helps one species survive, while
harm is done to the other
Commensalism – when two organisms
live close together and one species
benefits, but the other really is not affected
Mutualism – two organisms live close
together and both species benefit.
However, the survival of one species does
not depend on the other.
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Pollination of plants by insects, birds & bats
Symbiosis – two or more organisms live
so close together that they can not survive
without the other organism
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Lichens
Survival of the Fittest
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In order for an organism to survive, they must overcome many obstacles:
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Predation – some species are food for other species
Competition - Organisms within an environment may compete for
resources such as food or shelter.
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The strongest organisms would gain the resources and survive to reproduce. If
one species out-competes another species in the area, this could lead to wiping
out an entire species. (Extinction)
Disease – parasites that weaken the organism, or cause death
Change in Environment – sometimes resources change and the species must
be able to find new food sources or move to a location they can survive in
Adaptation –the development of new traits that are advantageous and help
the organism escape predators, or find food better, or survive diseases, or
out-compete other organisms for food supplies
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Physical = the development of a certain body part that helps the organism
survive (Giraffes long necks)
Behavioral = the change in a behavior to help the organism survive (Many
animals are active at night because some predators have a hard time seeing in
the dark)
Evolution
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Proposed by Charles Darwin
Explains how natural selection produces offspring that are not
the same as the generations that come before it.
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Evolution is “powered” by genetic mutations. These are changes
in the DNA that cause new traits to be seen.
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Adaptations that help individuals survive will show in offspring
because they are more likely to reproduce
Mutations are not always bad!
If trait helps organisms compete, trait will be passed on. Eventually,
enough new traits can be passed on so that offspring do not look like
ancestors.
If these descendants are so different from the original species, then a
new species have developed. It evolved from the old species.
Evolution does not happen in one day, it can only be seen as a
progression over many generations
Evolution of the Horse
Ecosystems in Flux
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In ecosystems, balance is the
result of interactions between
community members and their
environment.
The environment may be altered
through the activities of
organisms. Alterations are
sometimes abrupt. Some species
may replace others over time,
resulting in long-term gradual
changes (ecological succession).
Extinction can happen if
environments change too quickly
for members of an ecosystem.
Overpopulation by any species
impacts the environment due to
the increased use of resources.
Human activities can bring about
environmental changes through
resource acquisition, urban
growth, land-use decisions, waste
disposal, etc..
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the industrial revolution, human
activities have resulted in major
pollution of air, water, and soil. Pollution
has cumulative ecological effects such
as acid rain, global warming, or ozone
depletion. the survival of living things on
our planet depends on the conservation
and protection of Earth's resources.
Classification
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Kingdom, Phylum,
Class, Order, Family,
Genus, Species
Carrolus Linneaus
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Developed two-part
naming system
(Genus & species)
Based on structures &
characteristics
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Calypte anna
Works Cited
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http://anthro.palomar.edu/biobasis/bio_2.htm
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http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/1122Cells02.jpeg
http://staff.jccc.net/pdecell/cells/basiccell.html
http://www.nicerweb.com/doc/class/bio1151/Locked/media/ch13/13_02HydraBudding_LP.jpg
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/AsexualReproduction.html
http://natureinstitute.org/txt/ch/images/moth_fig2.gif
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http://www.smuhsd.k12.ca.us/bhs/science-dept/vaughn/mvaughn/Student%20Projects/jkoz/index_html.html
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http://discover.edventures.com/functions/termlib.php?action=&single
=&word=niche
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http://www.fi.edu/tfi/units/life/habitat/habitat.html
http://biology.leidenuniv.nl/ibl/S10/DesignS/doku.php?id=terms:adaptation
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http://space.newscientist.com/data/images/ns/cms/dn8297/dn8297-1_292.jpg
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Equid_evolution_Campbell.htm
http://www.earthforce.org/content/article/detail/1284?PHPSESSID
http://www.saburchill.com/ans02/chapters/chap017.html
http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/kling/ecosystem/zebra2.gif