Transcript No Slide Title

Political Revolutions
Do Now #25
The unit we are about to cover is about
political revolutions around the world.
A revolution is a sudden, complete or
marked change in something.
Besides political revolutions, can you
think of any revolutionary changes in
any area of daily life that you have
heard of or seen during your life time?
Political Revolutions
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Revolution – which is a sudden or significant change in the old
ways of doing things.
Revolutions can occur in many areas, such as government,
technology, or art.
American Revolution
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The Glorious Revolution of 1688 had given England a
constitutional monarchy.
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In essence, this meant that various laws limited the power of the English
king.
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A growing number of England’s colonists in North America
accused England of tyrannical rule.
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Emboldened by Enlightenment ideas, they would attempt to
overthrow what was then the mightiest power on earth and
create their own nation.
NEXT
Britain and Its American Colonies
(We’ll act this bad boy out, cause its mad confusing)
The American Colonies Grow
• American colonies grow large and populous during 1600s, 1700s
• Colonies thrive economically through trade with Europe
- Britain’s Navigation Act restricts that trade (1651) other trade laws add
restrictions, taxes
• Colonists identify less and less as British subjects
British–Colonial Tensions Arise
• Britain, American colonies win French and Indian War in 1763
• Britain taxes colonists to help pay war debts
• Colonists argue that British cannot tax them without their consent
Growing Hostility Leads to War
• Colonists protest tea tax with “Boston Tea Party” in 1773
• Colonists meet in Philadelphia to address British policies (1774)
• British and Americans exchange fire at Lexington and Concord in 1775
Americans Win Independence
The Influence of the Enlightenment
• Colonial leaders push for independence, rely on
Enlightenment ideas
• Declaration of Independence—document
justifying colonial rebellion
• Leader Thomas Jefferson writes Declaration,
uses ideas of Locke
Success for the Colonists
• Despite British military might, colonists have advantages:
- motivating cause of freedom
- French assistance
- war’s expense for Britain
• British surrender at Yorktown in 1781; colonists
win the war
NEXT
Americans Create A Republic
The Federal System
• Constitution creates three branches of
government
• Provides checks and balances—ensures
branches share power equally
• Promotes federal system—power divided
between nation and states
The Bill of Rights
• Some fear too much national power, few
protections of rights
• Leaders win support for Constitution by adding a
Bill of Rights
- 10 Amendments to Constitution that protect
freedoms
NEXT
Do Now #26
1.
Do you feel that a violent
revolution is sometimes the only
answer to solve a problem?
2.
What are some diplomatic (verbal,
negotiations) ways people can
solve problems?
French Revolution
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In the 1700s, France was considered the most advanced country
of Europe. It had a large population and a prosperous foreign
trade.
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It was the center of the Enlightenment, and France’s culture was
widely praised and imitated by the rest of the world.
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However, the appearance of success was deceiving.
France: Why would a revolution take
place in these circumstances?
French Revolution
The Old Regime
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Old Regime—social and political system in France during the 1770s
Estates—three social classes of France’s Old Regime
The Privileged Estates
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First Estate—Catholic clergy—own 10 percent land, pay few taxes
Second Estate—rich nobles—2 percent population, own 20 percent
land
The Third Estate
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97 percent of people are peasants, urban workers, middle class
Have few privileges, pay heavy taxes, want change
French Revolution Continues
Enlightenment Ideas
• Enlightenment ideas inspire some in Third Estate
Economic Troubles
• High taxes and rising costs damage economy by 1780s
• King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette known for
extravagance
• Louis doubles nation’s debt; banks refuse to lend more money
French Revolution Continues
The National Assembly
• Third Estate has little power under
old rules
• Third Estate sets up National
Assembly—new legislature to
make reforms
• Tennis Court Oath—delegates
decide to write new constitution for
France
Storming the Bastille
• Rumors fly in Paris that Louis wants
to suppress National Assembly
• Mob attacks and seizes Bastille,
killing guards on July 14, 1789
The roof is on fire
End of the French Revolution
A Limited Monarchy
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In September 1791, Assembly finishes new constitution
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Legislative Assembly—new body created to pass laws
Problems with Other Countries
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Austrians and Prussians want Louis in charge of France; France declares
war
End of the French Revolution
Jacobins Take Control
• Jacobins—radical political organization behind
1792 governmental changes
• After a close vote, Louis XVI is found guilty of
treason and beheaded by the guillotine.
Divided Country
• Not all people in France support all changes of
the Revolution
Robespierre Assumes Control
• Maximilien Robespierre—Jacobin leader rules
France for a year as a dictator.
• Reign of Terror—Robespierre’s rule, which
includes killing many opponents
• Thousands die during the Terror, including
former allies and Marie Antoinette
• 85 percent of those who die during the Terror
are middle or lower class
Napoleon Takes Power
Hero of the Hour
• In 1795, Napoleon Bonaparte, commander of the French Army,
defeats royalist rebels attacking National Convention
• Napoleon wins stunning victories in Italy, gaining popularity
Coup d’État (coo day ta)
• In November 1799, he carries out coup d’état—seizure of power.
• Napoleon defeats British, Russians, Austrians who join forces
against him
Napoleon Takes Power
Restoring Order at Home
• To fix economy, he sets up national
banking system, efficient tax collection
• Establishes lycées—government-run
public schools to train officials
• Signs concordat—agreement—with
pope restoring Catholicism in France
• Creates Napoleonic Code—uniform
system of laws
Napoleon Crowned as Emperor
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In December 1804, Napoleon crowns
himself emperor of France
The End of Napoleon
Napoleon Suffers Defeat
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Britain, Prussia, Sweden, Russia, Austria join forces against Napoleon
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Napoleon raises another army, but meets quick defeat by allied powers
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Napoleon finally surrenders and is exiled to island of Elba
The Hundred Days
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Louis XVIII, new king, is soon overthrown and Napoleon returns from exile
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Waterloo—British, Prussian forces defeat Napoleon’s army
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This defeat ends Hundred Days—Napoleon’s last attempt at power.
The End of Napoleon
A Meeting of Nations
•Congress of Vienna—series
of meetings that reshape
Europe
•monarchs deposed by
Napoleon are returned to
thrones
•Leaders hope to restore order
through these changes
•Congress of Vienna succeeds
in getting all European
governments together
•Fair deals are worked out so
that the meeting does not lead
to more war
•European nations agree to
preserve peace, which lasts
almost 40 years
Do Now #27
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Are you proud to be an American?
Proud to be from New Jersey?
Proud to be from Long Branch?
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Why?
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Latin American Revolutions
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The successful American Revolution, the French Revolution, and
the Enlightenment changed ideas about who should control
government.
Ideas of liberty, equality, and democratic rule found their way
across the seas to European colonies.
A Race and Class System
• Latin America has social classes that determine jobs and
authority:
• Peninsulares—born in Spain, they head colonial
government, society
• Creoles—American-born Spaniards who can become army
officers
• Mestizos have both European and Indian ancestry
• Mulattos—Have both European and African ancestry
• Slaves
• Indians are at the bottom of society
Revolts Continue Throughout Latin
America
Revolution in Haiti
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Haiti is first Latin American territory to gain freedom
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Toussaint L’Ouverture leads slave revolt against French (1791)
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Toussaint eventually dies in French prison in 1803
Haiti’s Independence
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Jean-Jacques Dessalines declares Saint Domingue a country in 1804
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Saint Domingue becomes first black colony to win independence
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Renamed Haiti, means “mountainous land” in the Arawak language
Revolts Continue Throughout Latin
America
Creole Leaders
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Simón Bolívar—wealthy Creole leads Venezuela in revolution
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Venezuela declares independence in 1811; Bolívar wins war by 1821
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José de San Martín—leader of Argentinean revolutionary forces
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Argentina independent in 1816; San Martín helps free Chile
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Bolívar’s and San Martín’s armies drive Spanish out of Peru in 1824
Revolts Continue Throughout Latin
America
Mexican Revolt
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Padre Miguel Hidalgo—priest who launches Mexican revolt (1810)
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80,000 Indian and mestizo followers march on Mexico City
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José María Morelos—leads revolt after Hidalgo’s defeat, but loses.
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Do Now #28
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She could beat you up.
What is your opinion of
this quote? 1
paragraph
“Borders are imaginary
lines that say people
born on one side are
somehow different and
better than those born
on the other”
-Emma Goldman
US vs. THEM
After the Revolutions
Nationalism emerges
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Nationalism: The belief that people’s
greatest loyalty should not be to a
king or an empire but to a nation of
people who share a common culture
and history.
Result of Revolution in Latin America
= Independence
Result of Revolution in Europe
= Unification
Bonds That Create a Nation
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What are some identifying factors
that we see among students at
LBHS?
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i.e. Academy
....
Thanksgiving Rivals….
US
Them
Meaning of features
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The slogan/motto is often written
below or above the coat of arms, and
is usually some sort of motto or
testament to the bearer's strength.
The Shield is often the center of the
coat of arms, directly descended from
the shields of the medieval knights.
The Supporters can be interpreted
both literally or figuratively,
representing the ideals and morals
that the represented entity is built
upon.
The coronet/helmet is a small
crown/helm that occasionally sits on
top of the shield as a symbol of rank
or royalty.
The wreath/torse is a strip of fabric
that once represented the favor or a
lady.
The crest/charger usually stands on
the top of the helm, coronet or
wreath, and often features images
such as the front part of an animal or
birds' wings.
The mantling is the backdrop for the
shield, often depicted as a type of
cloth. The tradition comes from the
wearing of a mantle over a knight's
helm, to keep rain and wind from
entering the armor's join at the neck.
Field Trip
Today we are going to
MEDIEVAL TIMES!!!
Field Trip
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No. We’re not. I lied.
We’re going to the front entrance of
the school
Leave everything at your desk
Personal Symbol Project
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Today we will start a “nationalist” activity in
which YOU are actually the “nation”
Complete your “nation’s” Coat of Arms and
attach your explanations of the elements to
the INBOX for a formative grade
If you do not finish today it becomes
homework
Smiga Coat of Arms