Transcript Fig. 7-0a - Estrella Mountain Community College

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1m
100
mya
0.5 m
Rhomaleosaurus
victor
175
200
Dimetrodon
270
300
Tiktaalik
4.5 cm
Coccosteus cuspidatus
375
400
1 cm
Hallucigenia
560
Stromatolites
2.5 cm
500
510
Dickinsonia
costata
600
1,500
3,500
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Tappania
2
Fraction of parent
isotope remaining
½
Remaining
“parent”
isotope
1
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Accumulating
“daughter”
isotope
¼
⅛
2
3
Time (half-lives)
1
16
4
3
†Dimetrodon
Key to skull bones
Articular
Dentary
Quadrate
Squamosal
Early cynodont (260 mya)
Cynodonts
Therapsids
Synapsids
OTHER
TETRAPODS
Reptiles
(including
dinosaurs and birds)
Synapsid (300 mya)
†Very late (non-
mammalian)
cynodonts
Mammals
Temporal
fenestra
(partial view)
Hinge
Later cynodont (220 mya)
Temporal
fenestra
Hinge
Original hinge
New hinge
Therapsid (280 mya)
Very late cynodont (195 mya)
Temporal
fenestra
Hinge
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Hinge
4
†
Lineage A
†
†
†
†
Lineage B
Common
ancestor of
lineages A
and B
4
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†
3
2
1
Millions of years ago
0
5
Crust
Mantle
Outer
core
Inner
core
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Juan
de Fuca
Plate
North
American
Plate
Caribbean
Plate
Cocos Plate
Pacific
Plate
Nazca
Plate
South
American
Plate
Scotia
Plate
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Eurasian Plate
Philippine
Plate
Arabian
Plate
Indian
Plate
African
Plate
Australian
Plate
Antarctic
Plate
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Present
Collision of
India with
Eurasia
Cenozoic
45 mya
Eurasia
Africa
65.5 mya
South
America
India
Present-day
continents
Madagascar
Antarctica
251 mya
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Paleozoic
135 mya
Mesozoic
Laurasia
Laurasia and
Gondwana
landmasses
The supercontinent
Pangaea
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Mantellinae
(Madagascar only):
100 species
Rhacophorinae
(India/southeast
Asia): 310 species
80
1
60
20
40
0
2 Millions of years ago (mya)
2
1
India
Madagascar
88 mya
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56 mya
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1,100
1,000
900
800
20
700
600
15
500
400
10
300
Number of families:
Total extinction rate
(families per million years):
25
200
5
100
0
Era
Period
Mesozoic
Paleozoic
E
542
O
S
488 444 416
D
C
359
P
299 251
Tr
J
200
C
145
0
N Q
0
Cenozoic
P
65.5
Time (mya)
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NORTH
AMERICA
Yucatán
Peninsula
Chicxulub
crater
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Mass extinctions
Relative extinction rate of
marine animal genera
3
2
1
0
−1
−2
−3
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−2
−1
0
1
Cooler
Warmer
Relative temperature
2
3
4
12
Cretaceous
mass extinction
Predator genera (%)
50
Permian mass
extinction
40
30
20
10
0
Era
Period
Paleozoic
E
542
O
S
488 444 416
D
Mesozoic
C
359
P
299
Tr
251
J
200
Cenozoic
C
145
P
65.5
N
Q 0
Time (mya)
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Ancestral
mammal
Monotremes
(5 species)
Marsupials
(324
species)
ANCESTRAL
CYNODONT
Eutherians
(5,010
species)
250
200
150
100
50
Time (millions of years ago)
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0
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Close North American
relative, the tarweed
Carlquistia muirii
Dubautia laxa
KAUAI
5.1
million
years
MOLOKAI 1.3
million
OAHU
years
3.7
MAUI
million LANAI
years
N
Argyroxiphium
sandwicense
HAWAII
0.4
million
years
Dubautia waialealae
Dubautia scabra
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Dubautia linearis
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Chimpanzee infant
Chimpanzee adult
Chimpanzee fetus
Chimpanzee adult
Human fetus
Human adult
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Hand and
finger bones
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Gills
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Hox gene 6
Hox gene 7
Hox gene 8
Ubx
About 400 mya
Drosophila
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Artemia
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Results
Hypothesis A: Differences in
sequence
Hypothesis B: Differences in
expression
Marine stickleback embryo:
expression in ventral spine and
mouth regions
Result: No
The 283 amino acids of the Pitx1
protein are identical.
Result: Yes
Lake stickleback embryo:
expression only in mouth
regions
Red arrows indicate regions of Pitx1
expression.
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(a) Patch of pigmented cells
Pigmented cells
(photoreceptors)
Epithelium
Nerve
fibers
(b) Eyecup
Pigmented
cells
Nerve fibers
Example: Patella, a limpet
Example: Pleurotomaria, a
slit shell mollusc
(c) Pinhole camera-type eye
(d) Eye with primitive lens
Epithelium
Fluid-filled
cavity
Cellular
mass
(lens)
Cornea
(e) Complex camera lenstype eye
Cornea
Lens
Optic
nerve
Pigmented
layer (retina)
Example: Nautilus
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Retina
Optic nerve
Example: Murex, a marine
snail
Optic
nerve
Example: Loligo, a squid
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