Transcript Peace and Security through DISARMAMENT

The Art of War
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The highest realization of warfare is to attack the
enemy’s plans; next is to attack their alliances;
next to attack their army; and the lowest is to
attack their fortified cities. Thus, one who excels
at employing the military subjugates other peoples
armies without engaging in battle, captures
fortified cities without attacking them, and
destroys other people’s states without prolonged
fighting.’
The Art of War
• Preserving the enemy’s state capital is best,
destroying their state capital second-best.
Preserving their army best, destroying their
army second-best. Preserving their battalions is
best, destroying their battalions second-best.
Preserving their companies is best, destroying
their companies is second-best…For this
reason attaining 100 victories in 100 battles is
not the pinnacle of excellence. Subjugating the
enemy’s army without fighting is the true
pinnacle of excellence.
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT ) is a treaty to limit
the spread of nuclear weapons, started in July 1, 1968. There
are currently 189 countries party to the treaty, five of which
have nuclear weapons: the United States, the United
Kingdom, France, Russia, and the People's Republic of China
(the permanent members of the UN Security Council).
Only four recognized sovereign states are not parties to the
treaty: India, Israel, Pakistan and North Korea. India, Israel,
Pakistan and North Korea have openly tested and possess
nuclear weapons. The NPT consists of a preamble and eleven
articles. Although the concept of "pillars" appears nowhere in
the NPT, the treaty is nevertheless sometimes interpreted as
having three pillars: non-proliferation, disarmament, and the
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Middle East has become a centre of attention of international
and regional political affairs. Ever since the inception of Israel,
the region has been in continuous turmoil and witnessed six
official wars and continuous violence in this region. The
bombing of Lebanon, the destruction of Gaza, the ongoing war
in Iraq, the question of Palestinian statehood, regional
aggression and military provocation.
• To date, peace in the Middle East seems a
distant dream for the majority of its peoples.
The situation is the Middle East is further
complicated by Iranian nuclear ambitions and
continuous armed conflicts in Iraq and
intermittent military interventions in Syria and
Lebanon. Israel, the only non-Arab and nonMuslim country in the region, is currently
counted among unofficial nuclear powers, nonsignatories of NPT.
Peace and Security through
DISARMAMENT
Charter of the United
Nations
We the Peoples of the United Nations
… United for a Better World
Article 11
The General Assembly may consider the general principles of
cooperation in the maintenance of international peace and
security, including the principles governing disarmament and the
regulation of armaments…
Article 26
In order to promote the establishment and maintenance of
international peace and security with the least diversion for
armaments of the world's human and economic resources, the
Security Council shall be responsible for formulating … plans to
be submitted to the Members of the United Nations for the
establishment of a system for the regulation of armaments.
United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002
Charter of the United
Nations
We the Peoples of the United Nations
… United for a Better World
Article 51
Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right
of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack
occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the
Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain
international peace and security. Measures taken by
Members in the exercise of this right of self-defence shall be
immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in
any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security
Council under the present Charter to take at any time such
action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore
international peace and security.
United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002
10th SPECIAL SESSION DEVOTED TO
DISARMAMENT -1978
The General Assembly.
Alarmed by the threat to the very survival of mankind posed
by the existence of nuclear weapons and the continuing
arms race, and recalling the devastation inflicted by all
wars,
Convinced that disarmament and arms limitation, particularly
in the nuclear field, are essential for the prevention of the
danger of nuclear war and the strengthening of international
peace and security ……..,
Having resolved to lay the foundations of an international
disarmament strategy which aims at general and complete
disarmament under effective international control.
United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002
FACTS:
• World military expenditure peaked at $1.3 trillion in 1987. After
a period of decline, it slowly rising today and now stands at
more than $ 839 billion, accounting for 2.6% of world GDP and
corresponding to an average of $137 per capita.
• Industrialized countries account for about 80 per cent of global
military expenditures. The United States accounts for almost
half of the world’s total arms production; France and UK for 10
percent each and Germany, Russia and Japan – for roughly 4
per cent each.
• In 1945, only one nation possessed a nuclear bomb. Today,
there are five recognized nuclear-weapon States in terms of
the Treaty for the Non-Proliferation of nuclear weapons, and
three nuclear-weapon capable States.
• More than 30,000 nuclear warheads are still present in the
world, many on high alert, ready to be launched on warning.
United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002
MORE FACTS:
• Today, 80 per cent of the world’s spending on armaments is on
conventional weapons and weapons systems.
• The annual global trade in conventional arms is estimated to
be around $30 billion. Nearly 70 per cent of this expenditure
was incurred by importing countries from the developing world.
• One-third of the nations of the earth are affected by mines and
unexploded ordinance (UXO). The countries most affected are
those least able to reverse the devastating impact of mines.
• About 550 million small arms are in circulation world-wide.
United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002
DISARMAMENT ISSUES
• Weapons of Mass Destruction
• Conventional Weapons
• Outer Space
• Disarmament and Development
• Regional Disarmament
• Emerging Issues
United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002
Conventional
Weapons
Nuclear Weapons
Outer Space
Chemical Weapons
Disarmament
and
Development
Biological Weapons
Regional
Disarmament
WMD Terrorism
Emerging
Issues
United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002
NUCLEAR WEAPONS
Bilateral agreements:
• The 1972 SALT I Agreement
• The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty)
• The 1979 SALT II Treaty
• The 1987 Intermediate-and Shorter - Range Nuclear
Forces Treaty (INF Treaty)
• The 1991 Strategic Arms Limitation and Reduction Treaty
(START I)
United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002
NUCLEAR WEAPONS
Bilateral agreements:
• The 1992 Lisbon Protocol to START I
• The 1993 Strategic Arms Limitation and Reduction Treaty II
(START II)
• 2000-with the ratification of START II by the Russian
Federation, the US Senate needs to approve a 1997
protocol to the Treaty in order for the Treaty to enter into
force. This will then open the way for formal START III
negotiations to begin.
• 2002 Treaty on Strategic Offensive Reductions
• Unilateral reductions
United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002
NUCLEAR WEAPONS
Multilateral agreements
• The 1963 Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the
Atmosphere, in Outer Space and under Water (Partial Test-Ban
Treaty)
• The 1968 Treaty on the Non -Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
(NPT)
- Nuclear Safeguards of the International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA)
- The 1997 Model Additional Protocol
• The 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)
-The Preparatory Commission for the CTBT Organization
(CTBTO PrepCom, based in Vienna)
• Future agreements:
- Fissile Material Treaty
United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002
KEEPING THE WORLD - AND OUTER SPACE -
FREE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002
CHEMICAL WEAPONS
Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)
- Entered into force 1997
The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical
Weapons (OPCW), The Hague, Netherlands
BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
Biological Weapons Convention (BWC)
- Entered into force 1975.
Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of
Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of
Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)
- Signed at Geneva on 17 June 1925. Prohibits the
use of biological or chemical weapons in war.
United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002
WMD TERRORISM
•
The threat is real and global: small nuclear device
or radiological materials, chemical or bioterrorism.
•
Objective: To ensure that terrorists do not acquire
and use Weapons of Mass Destruction: National
defense and counter- terrorism; prevention through
disarmament.
•
Prevention: Strengthened international
disarmament agreements and implementing
agencies: NPT and IAEA, physical protection of
nuclear material, tracking of illicit material traffic,
vigorous chemical weapons inspection regime by
OPCW; and monitoring of compliance and
verification of the BWC.
United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002
Weapons of
Mass
Destruction
Small Arms & Light Weapons
Outer Space
Anti-personnel Landmines
Disarmament &
Development
Regional
Disarmament
Emerging
Issues
Major Conventional Weapons
United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002
SMALL ARMS &
LIGHT WEAPONS
In terms of the carnage they cause,
small arms, indeed could well be
described as “weapons of mass
destruction”.
Secretary-General’s Millennium Report, 2000
• United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small
Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects.
• Coordinating Action on Small Arms (CASA)
• Practical Disarmament Measures - Trust Fund for the
Consolidation of Peace through Practical Disarmament
Measures
United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002
ANTI-PERSONNEL LANDMINES
Amended Protocol II to the Convention on
Certain Conventional Weapons
- entered into force in 1998
Mine-Ban Convention
- entered into force in 1999
United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002
TRANSPARENCY MEASURES
FOR CONVENTIONAL ARMS
United Nations Register of Conventional Arms
- established in 1992
United Nations system for the standardized
reporting of military expenditures
- introduced in 1980
United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002
MULTILATERAL DISARMAMENT
Conventional Arms
Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons
(CCW)
- entered into force in 1980
Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
(CFE Treaty)
- entered into force in 1990
United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002
Weapons of
Mass
Multilateral treaties:
Destruction
Conventional
Weapons
Disarmament &
Development
Regional
Disarmament
Emerging
Issues
• 1967 Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities
of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer
Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial
Bodies (Outer Space Treaty)
• 1963 Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the
Atmosphere, in Outer Space and under Water
(Partial Test - Ban Treaty)
• 1979 Agreement Governing the Activities of States
on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies
United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002
Weapons of
Mass
Destruction
Conventional
Weapons
• The International Conference on the
Relationship between Disarmament
and Development, convened in 1987
- The Programme of Action
Outer Space
Regional
Disarmament
Emerging
Issues
• High-level Steering Group on
Disarmament and Development
set up in May 1999
United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002
Weapons of
Mass
Destruction
Conventional
Weapons
Outer Space
Disarmament &
Development
Emerging
Issues
• Regional agreements in the areas
of nuclear and conventional
disarmament and non-proliferation
• United Nations regional centres
for peace and disarmament
• Cooperation with regional
inter-governmental organizations
United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002
Weapons of
Mass
Destruction
Conventional
Weapons
Outer Space
Disarmament &
Development
Regional
Disarmament
• Missile proliferation and missile
defences
• Information security
• Revolution in military affairs
United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002
DISARMAMENT MACHINERY
General Assembly
Security Council
(deliberative)
Special sessions on disarmament:
1978, 1982 and 1988
First
Committee
Conference on
Disarmament
Disarmament
Commission
(negotiating forum)
Non-UN bodies:
Department for Disarmament Affairs
(DDA)
UN Institute for Disarmament
Research (UNIDIR)
OPCW
(The Hague)
Preparatory Commission for
CTBTO (Vienna)
S-G’s Advisory Board on
Disarmament Matters
United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002
IAEA (Vienna)
Department for Disarmament Affairs
(DDA)
Under-Secretary-General for Disarmament Affairs
Director and Deputy to USG
CD Secretariat and
Conference Support
Branch (Geneva)
Weapons of Mass
Destruction Branch
Conventional Arms
Branch
Monitoring, Database
and Information
Branch
Regional Disarmament
Branch
Centres for:
Asia, Africa, and
Latin America &
Caribbean
United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002
DISARMAMENT INFORMATION
AND OUTREACH ACTIVITIES
• United Nations Disarmament Information
Programme (Voluntary Trust Fund)
• United Nations Disarmament Fellowship Programme
• Disarmament Week - 24 October
• Messenger of Peace (US actor and producer Michael
Douglas)
• Liaison with civil society, NGOs and academic institutions
• Cooperation with DPI
United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002
DISARMAMENT INFORMATION
RESOURCES
• DDA Internet website (disarmament.un.org)
• DDA Publications:
-
United Nations Disarmament Yearbook
Quarterly DDA Update
Occasional papers
-
Publications of the Regional Centres (e.g. Bulletin Africain pour la Paix)
• DDA Library
• DDA Audio-visual materials (documentary on small arms; PowerPoint
presentation)
• Tour-guide exhibit at Headquarters
• Briefing for visiting groups (call 212 963 4440)
• UNIDIR publications and activities
United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002
CONTACT INFORMATION:
Mailing address:
Department for Disarmament Affairs
United Nations
NYC, NY 10017
USA
Telephone:
Fax:
Internet:
Email :
1 212 963 2874; 7714; 8199
1 212 963 1121
disarmament.un.org
[email protected]
United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002