Transcript Cold War & New Nations Cold War, 1945

Chapter 21: Cold War and New Nations
Cold War, 1945-89: USA vs. USSR
US policy toward world alternates between
isolation and assertion of global mission
US established Pax Americana after WWII
Soviet Union had similar sense of mission
tied to belief in spreading communism
Third Socialist International (Comintern)
Survival in World War II added prestige
Post war agreements try to bridge this gap
Cold War, 1945-89: USA vs. USSR
“Iron Curtain” reality emerges in late 1940s
Each sees other’s ideals as cover for aggression
Berlin Blockade (1948)
Nuclear weaponry a major element in war
Space race adds rivalry
“Fall” of China adds fear to the US.
1/4 of world “becomes” communist over night
Cold War, 1945-89: USA vs. USSR
The Korean War, 1950-53
North Korea invaded South Korea (June, 1950)
• North attack almost succeeded
• Death toll high for all parties
Outcomes
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War added to American sense of threat
Japan experienced prosperity as supplier of material
US and Europe split over war aims
Started trend of “brinksmanship” in diplomacy
Cold War, 1945-89: USA vs. USSR
The Soviet Union After Stalin
Nikita Khrushchev, 1953-64
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Denounced Stalinist policies
Openness led to novels of criticism of Russia
Revelation of gulags by Solzhenitzyn
Continued attempts to catch up with the West
technologically
• Diplomatically aggressive with harsh control of
eastern Europe and support for Castro
Cold War, 1945-89: USA vs. USSR
The Soviet Union After Stalin [cont.]
Leonid Brezhnev, 1964-82
• Brezhnev Doctrine is response to “Prague Spring”
– Doctrine claims right to intervene in satellite nations to
prevent counter-revolution
• Unrest in Poland surrounding Solidarity movement and
election of Pole as Roman Catholic Pope leads to
creation of martial law
• Involvement in Afghanistan becomes Russia’s Vietnam
Cold War, 1945-89: USA vs. USSR
The American Military-Industrial Complex
President Eisenhower warned of the threat of the
military-industrial complex to peace in 1961
Cold War involved client states & proxy wars
Economic assistance was another aspect of the
effort to win friends with monetary assistance
• Some nations drew assistance from both sides
Cold War, 1945-89: USA vs. USSR
The Cuban Missile Crisis
Fidel Castro took control of Cuba in 1959
Initial success in social programs
Failed Bay of Pigs invasion moved Cuba
toward the Soviet Union
Russian nuclear missiles placed in Cuba to
protect it from invasion
Nuclear war averted in Missile Crisis
(1962)
Cold War and Emergence of New Nations
Decolonization a product of Depression
and world wars, 1914-45
West no longer a clearly superior culture
World Wars emphasized self government
US & USSR promoted independence
British & French Middle East mandates
were first to gain freedom
Cold War and Emergence of New Nations
Independence of India (1947)
Israeli statehood (1948)
China to communists (1949)
Independence of Indonesia (1949)
War in Vietnam when France is
reluctant to withdraw.
French withdraw from Vietnam in 1954
Cold War and Emergence of New Nations
Africa
Ghana 1st black African nation to gain freedom
Egypt
Coup claims control of Suez Canal (1956)
Joint British-French attack to reverse this action
US demands attack end
Nasser brings in Soviet advisors to build dam
Sadat (1970) expels Russians from Egypt
Cold War and Emergence of New Nations
Congo
Cruel Belgian rule ends with elections in 1957 and
move toward independence
Lumumba elected Prime Minister in 1960 but army
overthrows his government
Three-sided Civil War ends with victory for Joseph
Mobutu (dictator Mobutu Sese Seko)
War showed dilemma of resource rich area in
midst of Cold War
Cold War and Emergence of New Nations
Algeria
Independence through Civil War
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Algeria legally an integral part of France
Algerians of European origin control wealth
War from mid-1950s led by NLN
DeGaulle and new French constitution open the
door to Algerian independence
Oil revenues finance economic and
educational development
Cold War and Emergence of New Nations
Mozambique, Angola, & Guinea
Portugal resists loss of colonial power
Calls these colonies “overseas provinces)
Revolts in all three by 1961
Military coup in Portugal creates government that
grants independence to these colonies
Even among colonizers, colonialism no longer
considered an appropriate relationship
Emergence of the Third World
Term emerged as “third alternative” in Cold
War conflict between US & USSR
Made collective entry into international affairs
at Bandung conference (1955)
1st presentation of non-Western views
Non-aligned, these countries form regional
organizations to promote their interests
Include OPEC, OAU, OAS
Emergence of the Third World
Client States and Proxy Wars
US & USSR seek client state relations with
resource-rich Third World nations
Warfare for control of resources by Cold
War nations involved “proxy wars”
Communist takeover of China saw US
refuse diplomatic recognition of the nation,
outbreak of Korean War, and deterioration
of China’s relationship with Russia
Emergence of the Third World
Latin America
Nicaragua
• US involvement from support of 1909 coup and
continuous stationing of troops to 1933
• Guerilla war led by Sandino ended in 1934 with start of
Somoza government
• Sandinista success in 1979 gains support of Carter
administration but Pres. Reagan pursues overthrow
Nicaraguan government with covert financing
• 1990 sees end of war
Emergence of the Third World
Latin America [cont.]
Guatemala
• U.S. sponsors ouster of President Arbenz
– Had confiscated land from United Fruit Company with
promise of compensation, built a highway to break the fruit
company’s monopoly on transportation and built a
hydroelectric plant for energy independence
• Assassination of US sponsored successor leads to
decades of civil war
• US apology for role in “banana republic” in 1999
Emergence of the Third World
Latin America [cont.]
Panama
• Established by coup in 1903 with US support in return for
right to build Panama Canal
Chile
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Socialist Salvador Allende elected leader (1970)
Land reform and nationalization of copper resources
Allende overthrown and killed with CIA support
Pinochet government is successor by force until 1988
Emergence of the Third World
Iran
US/Britain oppose Iranian control of oil (1951)
• Placed compliant Shah of Iran fully in charge
Forced modernization plan alienates many
• Religious opposition led by Ayatollah Khomeni
Fall of Shah placed militant Shiites in power
• Seizure of 52 Americans at embassy
• Numerous actions against neighboring states
• Restrictions on women
Terrorism
Terrorism is tactic of the weak
Is used by some states as well as
outsider movements
Israel is a frequent target of terror
Can boomerang in the sense that those
attacked can resolve to resist terror
demands
In Pursuit of Peace
Mutually Assured Destruction prevented
attacks
United Nations: Growth & New Missions
Forum for nations in General Assembly
Peacekeeping a major role for UN
Promotion of general welfare around the world
Work to improve global economy
In Pursuit of Peace
Demographics
Fear of “population bomb” reduced by
declining birth rates and decrease in death
rates
Green Revolution added to food supply
• Fear that revolution would make the rich richer
Population growth uneven--growing
population in cities produces “slums of
hope” and “slums of despair”
In Pursuit of Peace
Economic Growth
Western Europe
• Post-war “economic miracles”
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European Coal and Steel Community (1952)
European Economic Community (1957)
Euratom
Common Agricultural Policy (1962)
Unified western European economy (1965)
• West German economy fastest growing in
Europe
In Pursuit of Peace
Economic Growth [cont.]
Japan
• US occupation laid basis for Japanese recovery
• Re-entry to family of nations in three stages
– Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development
– Bullet train
– Hosted Summer Olympics (1964)
• Japan’s policy combined free enterprise & planning
• 1973 OPEC oil embargo shocked world economy
– Japanese survival tied to conservation measures
In Pursuit of Peace
International Organization
Bretton Woods Agreements (1944)
produced
• International Monetary Fund
• World Bank
• General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
OPEC (1960)
• Used economic clout to promote oil embargo to
reduce willingness of US to support Israel
NGOs and Transnationals
Term “Non-governmental organizations” does
not usually include private businesses
Can be national or transnational in scope
Have a wide variety of purposes
World Wildlife fund
Amnesty International
Oxfam
Solidarity
Legacies of the Cold War
Twentieth century has developed
healthy skepticism about past changes
Winners include newly freed people
Losers are those who continue to live in
poverty
Postwar years favored optimists over
pessimists