1914-Present Review By: Marisa Tome With Mr. Geoffrion as Supervising Editor

The Big Picture: Connections Causation, and Concepts

• • • How do nationalism and self-determination impact on global events?

Are world cultures converging? How How do increasing globalization, population growth and resource use change the environment?

Setting the Stage: The WWI Era

• • • • Most of the world was either colonized by Europe, or was once colonized by Europe Industrial Revolution = more potential for destruction Rise of nationalism => militarism Unifications of Germany (1871) and Italy (1870)

Shifting Alliances

• • • • • Up to WWI, European powers tried to keep balance of power (by forming alliances) Triple Alliance – – Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy Created by Otto von Bismarck [1880s] Franco-Russian alliance [1890s] Schlieffen Plan [1905] – German attack on France through Belgium Triple Entente – Britain, Russia, and France [1905]

Trouble in the Balkans

• • • Ottoman empire kept loosing territories – Greece [1829] – Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro Serbia wanted Bosnia and Herzegovina (under Austria-Hungary) – Russia allied with Serbia Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Austria-Hungary) and wife assassinated by Serbian nationalist Gavarilo Princip

World War I: The Great War

• Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia • Russia, allied with Serbia, declares war on Austria-Hungary • Britain, France, and Russia side (Allies) • Ottoman Empire sides with Germany and Austria-Hungary (Central Powers) • Italy declares itself neutral

U.S. Joins War

• • • • • Declared neutrality – Preferred isolationism German submarine sinks British passenger The Lusitania [1915] – 100+ Americans killed German ships attacked U.S. merchant ships en route to Britain Zimmermann telegram- intercepted by U.S.

– Sent to Mexico by Germany to convince them to join forces with Germany to regain territory lost in Mexican- American War April 2, 1917, America sides with Allies

WWI Over

• • November 11, 1918 end of war Impacts – Government took over industrial production, price controls, and rationing of products – Women moved into factories to help out – Women’s suffrage movement advancements

The Treaty of Versailles

• • • [1919] brought official end to World War I Departed from President Wilson’s Fourteen Points Punitive against Germany (blamed Germany for war) – Pay war reparations – Release territory – Cut down military – Weakened Germany’s economy – Bred resentment

The League of Nations

• • • President Wilson called for League of Nations Leaders of Versailles agreed and created organization to preserve peace Many nations (including the United States) did not join it.

The Russian Revolution

• • • February [1917] Czar Nicholas forced out Alexander Kerensky established government – Shared power with local councils (soviets) – Wanted to stay in The Great War [1918] working class Russians (represented by soviets) rallied behind Bolsheviks

The Russian Revolution

• • • Vladimir Lenin: April Theses – Peace, land for peasants, power to soviets Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – Gave piece of western Russia to Germany – Dropped out of World War I Established the Soviet Union

The

Red

Army

• • • • [1918-1921] Leon Trotsky Against counterrevolutionary revolts Effects – Increased distrust between Soviet Union and the west – Established a powerful army

The Sick Man of Europe is Put Out of His Misery

• • • Ottoman Empire joined Central Powers of WWI – Lost most of remaining land Greeks attacked Ottoman Empire Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) “the Father of Turks” led military against Greeks – Overthrew Ottoman sultan – [1923] first president of modern day Turkey – Secularized government against much opposition

Soviet Union

• • [1920s] New Economic Policy (NEP) – Successful in agriculture Joseph Stalin – Totalitarianism: absolute control by the state or a governing branch of a highly centralized institution.

– Five Year Plans • Collectivization: take over private farms and combine them into state-owned enterprise • Nationalized factories

“The Great Purge”

• • Period of terror in USSR [1936-1938] Under totalitarianism, Stalin used terror tactics to get nation to comply – Gov. killed enemies – Secret police force – False trials – Assassinations – Labor camps – Famines

The Great Depression

• • After WWI, the United States becomes a creditor nation – Americans lent Europeans money, especially France and Germany The Great Depression – U.S. Stock market crashed [October 29, 1929] – Stopped extending credit

Fascism Gains Momentum

• • • Main Idea: destroy the will of the individual in favor of “the people” Wanted a unified society Extreme nationalism

Communist Totalitarianism vs. Fascist Totalitarianism

-Extreme Left Wing -Destroy Traditional Institutions and Class Distinctions -Seek to Control Every Aspect of Life -Power Rests in Hands of a Single Militaristic Leader -Extreme Right Wing -Rely on Traditional Institutions and Class Distinctions Extremely Nationalistic Nationalism Often Based on Racism

Fascism in Italy

• • National Fascist Party [1919] Benito Mussolini – Blackshirts: fight socialist and communist organizations – Mussolini named prime minister [1926] Italy turned into totalitarian fascist regime

Spain

• • General Franco takes control of large parts of Spain [1936] [1939] capture Madrid and install dictatorship in Spain

The Rise of Hitler

• • • • • Weimar Republic after WWI – Reichstag: the republic’s elected body National Socialist Part rose to power [1920s] – Adolf Hitler: leader, guide or fuhrer – Nazism: extreme nationalism; Aryan race most highly evolved [1932] Nazis dominated German government [1933] Hitler chancellor (leader) or Reichstag Third Reich

Nationalism in Europe vs Nationalism in its Colonies

-Often Fueled Extreme Racism -National Pride = National Expansion -Often Willing to Engage in Violence to Achieve this End -Nationalism = Self Determination -National Pride = National Sovereignty

Germany takes over

• • • • • [1933] Hitler started to rebuild German military – Against Treaty of Versailles Withdrew from League of Nations [1935] took back the Rhineland [1937] Germany makes alliance with Japan [1938] annexed Austria and Sudetenland

Munich Conference

• • • • [1938] Hitler, Mussolini, Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain (England) Germany gets Sudetenland for the promise to cease expansion “Appeasement”

Pacts

• • March [1939] Nonaggression pact with France, Greece, Turkey, Romania, and Poland – If any one attacked, all go to war Nazi-Soviet Pact [August 1939] – Germany would not invade Soviet Union if Soviets stayed out of military affairs; secret plan to divide Poland

Japan

• • • • • • Success of WWI leads to thriving economy Aggression towards China [1931] invaded Manchuria & renamed it Manchukuo Withdrew from League of Nations Anti-Comintern Pact [1936] – Against communism [1937] Rape of Nanjing

WWII

• • • Germany invades Poland *Start of WWII German tactic: blitzkrieg “lightening war” – – Gained Holland, Belgium, France Went for Britain • Battle of Britain [1940] • Britain effectively utilizes radar Italy and Germany go for Greece – Balkans belonged to Soviet Union; voided Nazi-Soviet Pact

Back to Japan

• • • Tripartite Pact with Rome and Berlin Invaded Indochina and other islands U. S. tried to stay neutral – Froze Japanese assets in the U.S.

– Japan threatened U.S. to lift sanctions; U.S. refused

Pearl Harbor

• • • [Dec. 7, 1941] Japanese bombed U.S. naval station in Hawaii at Pearl Harbor U.S. declared war on Japan Germany declared war on United States

The Allies on the Offensive

• • • • Manhattan Project- secret in the United States to develop an atomic bomb [June 6, 1944] D-Day – Allies land on beaches of Normandy and battle across France [1942] Red Army (Soviets) defeat Germany at Stalingrad & advance west [May 1945] Allies approach Hitler’s troops from east and west – – Hitler commits suicide War is over!

War in the Pacific

• • Americans “island hopping” to take back islands from Japan President Truman ordered dropping of atomic bombs on Japan – Hiroshima: [August 6, 1945] – Nagasaki: [August 9, 1945] • Japan surrendered; end of war

The Holocaust Revealed

• • • • “The Final Solution” Jews blamed for societal problems ~6 million Jews killed ~6 million Poles, Slavs, Gypsies, homosexuals, disabled people, and political dissidents killed

The Peace Settlement

• • • • United States and Soviet Union become superpowers Germany occupied by Allies Prosecution and sentencing of Nazi officials Japan forced to demilitarize & establish democracy

Europe Torn to Shreds

• • Infrastructure and communities in Europe devastated [1947] Marshall Plan instituted by U.S.

– $$$ available to all European countries – Economies of Western Europe recovered

Women

• • Women started working outside of home to compensate for men in the military After war: – Women kept jobs – Sought higher education

International Organizations

• • • • United Nations [1945] – Replaced League of Nations – Goal to mediate and intervene (if necessary) in international disputes between nations The World Bank International Monetary Fund General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs – Changed name to World Trade Organization (WTO)

The Cold War

• • • • [1945-1990s] U.S. and Soviet Union vied for global domination U.S.: capitalism and democracy Soviet Union: communism (totalitarianism)

“Spheres of Influence”

• • • • Drawn up by the Allies at conferences at Yalta and Potsdam Germany divided into four regions under either France, Britain, U.S., or the Soviet Union Soviet Union wanted Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria to be under influence U.S. wanted countries to have free elections

Divided Germany

• • • [1948] French, Britain, and U.S. regions merged into one: West Germany Soviet Union’s region became East Germany Berlin in East Germany, but ½ owned by West Germany

Berlin

• • • • Soviet Union wanted Berlin as sole part of East Germany Set up Berlin Blockade – Blocked land access from the west Berlin Airlift – West Germany sent aircraft carriers with food and fuel [1961] Wall between east and west Berlin

East vs. West

• • • • • • Soviet Bloc “Soviet satellites” East Germany Poland Czechoslovakia Romania Hungary Formed the Warsaw Pact • • • • • • • • • Western Bloc Britain France Italy Belgium Netherlands Norway West Germany Greece Turkey • Formed NATO Iron Curtin: line between east and west dubbed by Winston Churchill. Western influence not permitted east, Easterners not permitted to go west.

The Truman Doctrine

• • • [1947] the United States explicitly stated that it would aid countries threatened by communist takeovers containment NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) – Military alliance of western bloc

China

• • Fall of Manchu Dynasty [1911] Chinese Revolution of [1911] – Sun Yat-sen – Three Principles of the People- nationalism, socialism, democracy

China (cont)

• • • Kuomindang (KMT) – Political party made by Sun Yat-sen – made the ruling party of China by Chiang Kai-shek Japanese Empire invaded Manchuria and took over all of China [1930s]…Civil War on Hold U.S. pumped money into KMT’s effort against Japan, Soviets not as active

Mao Zedong

• • • • [1949] communists pushed Kuomindang out and into Taiwan (established the Republic of China there) China becomes the People’s Republic of China; largest communist nation in the world Focus on steel and agriculture [1950s] Great Leap Forward: communes created – “Great Stumble Backward” local governments couldn’t produce high agricultural quotas. They lied and starvation led to ~30 million deaths

Mao Zedong

• • • • Soviet Union withdrew support because China didn’t want to be under Soviet Union Focus switched back to military The Cultural Revolution: discourage anything approaching a privileged ruling class – Instituted reforms to erase western influence – Universities shut down – Elites sent to work on farms “cultural retraining” – When universities reopened, curriculum had only communist studies Little Red Book: collection of Mao Zedong’s teachings on communism

Deng Xiaoping

• • • • [1970s] China opened up to western ideas [1976] new leadership under Deng Xiaoping changed education policy Entered joint ventures with foreign companies (profits and decisions shared) Limited business and property ownership

China

• • • Economy expanding rapidly, however still communist political sense Resisted government and social reforms [1989] Tiananmen Square massacre – One million demonstrators converged, government troops opened fire and killed hundreds of people

Korea

• • • Korea invaded by Japanese After Japanese lost WWII, Korea was supposed to be re-established as an Empire Occupied by Soviet Union (north of 38 parallel) and the United States (south)

The Koreas

• • • • • [1949] both superpowers withdrew troops [1950]North Korea attacks South Korea to united nations under communist government UN forces join the South Korean effort China jumps in on the communist side [1953] armistice suspending the war

The Koreas “now”

• • • • • U.S. has large military presence in South Korea North Korea [2006] North Korea determine nuclear weapons test a success Six Party Talks – – U.S., N. Korea, S. Korea, China, Russia, Japan [July 2007] North Korea shuts down rector for extensive fuel aid – [2009] N. Korea pulls out of Six Party Talks and continues nuclear program Kim Jong-il dies [December 2011]

Vietnam

• • France tries to hold Indochina after WWII Vietminh fight back – Guerilla warfare – [1954] accord signed in Geneva splits the nation – Communists: Ho Chi Minh (north of 17 th parallel) – Democratic south: Ngo Dihn Diem (south of 17 th )

Vietnam

• • • • • North Vietnam wanted to unify Vietnam under communism – Communist guerrillas in the south – War broke out U.S. and France aid South Vietnam U.S. withdraw in [1975] North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong fighters take control of South Vietnam Reunification of Vietnam as communist state under Ho Chi Minh

The Cuban Revolution

• • • • • • [1898] Platt Amendment: U.S. remained in Cuban affairs [1939-1959] Batista Dictatorship [1956] peasants revolt under Fidel Castro U.S. withdraws support for Batista Batista flees [1959] “Success against a dictator”

Fidel Castro

• • • • Suspends democratic plans and established a communist government.

[1961] seized industries, nationalized them, executed enemies Ties to Soviet Union Bay of Pigs Invasion – Group of anti-Castro Cuban exiles trained and sent to Cuba to start a revolt – Captured after they landed

Cuban Missile Crises

• • • • [1962] U.S. spy planes detect installations of Soviet missiles in Cuba Kennedy issues naval blockade around Cuba, not allowing any more shipments from Soviet Union U.S. declared retaliation against Soviet Union if missiles fired [October 28] Soviets removed missiles, U.S. said they would not invade Cuba

Cuba now

• • • Soviet Union collapsed in 1990s Cuba lost billions of dollars of aid [2006-2009] Fidel Castro transferred powers slowly to his brother, Raul

Latin America

• • Radical political parties – Single party rule (Mexico’s PRI) – Militaristic leaders (Argentina’s Juan Peron) – Socialist democracies (Nicaragua & Guatemala) Export economy: reliance on exports results in weak domestic economies and debt

The Iron Curtin

• • • After Cold War, Europe split into Eastern Europe & Western Europe People in the east started to revolt when they noticed quality of life in west was better Eastern bloc wanted democratic and economic reform

Poland

• • • • [1980] Solidarity movement under Lech Walesa – Workers strike for reform of communist economic system [1988] Rakowski became the Premier of Poland – Solidarity legalized [1989] Tadeusz Mazowiecki became Prime Minister [1990] Communist party fell in Poland

Poland “now”

• • • • • Lech Walesa elected president [1990] Market based reforms improved economy New democratic constitution Joined NATO [1999] Joined European Union [2004]

German Reunification

• • • • • Decline of communism in Soviet bloc East Germany cut ties with Soviet Union [1989] Berlin Wall torn down Corporate structures, equipment, and machinery outdated in the east Reconstruction program for modernization of former East Germany and establishing nationwide communication and transportation lines

Berlin Wall

Germany “now”

• • • Continues reconstruction Emerged as a leading economy in Europe Modern, capitalist-leaning, democratic nation

The Soviet Union collapses

• • • [1985] Mikahail Gorbachev comes to power – Glasnot: openness – Perestroika: restructuring of Soviet economy Within six years, Poland and other former Soviet Union satellites declared separation from USSR Russia became its own country again, break up of Soviet Union into independent nations

The Balkans

• Nationalistic movements in Yugoslavia – “ethnic cleansing” Bosnian and Albainian Muslims raped and slaughtered by Christian Serbians – UN involvement [1990s]

“Soviet Union” “now”

• • USSR  Russia and other independent nations (Ukraine, Belarus, Georgia) Eastern Europe: constitutional democracies with economic systems based off of capitalism

Russia “now”

• • • • • [1993] Constitution Russian Federation – Three branches, check and balances, independent court – Reality: 10 yr period of corruption, unemployment, deep poverty President Boris Yeltsin resigned [1999] Vladimir Putin took over [2000-2008] – Made into Prime Minister in 2008 Dmitry Medvedev new president [2008-2012 ] Putin Returns [2012-?]

India and self-rule

• • • • [1885] Indian National Congress: Mostly Hindu political party; increase rights of Indians under colonial rule [1906] Muslim League: advance Islamic Indi [1919] Amristar massacre: British General Dyer opens fire on unarmed protestors in a park Mohandas Ghandi [1920s] voice of self-rule – Passive resistance (civil disobedience) – Boycotts, strikes

Hindus vs. Muslims

• • • Worked peacefully against British Radicals could not tolerate each other Muslims wanted their own nation (Pakistan) – Idea of Muhammed Ali Jinnah

• • • • • After WWII, Britain withdrew from India [1947] British separated country into thirds – India- mostly Hindu – Pakistan-Muslim – East Pakistan (Bangladesh)- Muslim Migrations of people due to religious violence Ghandi assassinated Nations fighting for Kashmir

Africa

• • Nations north of the Sahara first to win independence – Islamic ties [1950s] Gamal Nasser, general in Egyptian army, overthrew king and established republic – Inspired nations along Mediterranean to seek freedom

South of Sahara

• Independence movements harder – Countries lacking resources – Little investment in human beings – Majority of people uneducated – Boundary lines shaped by Europeans; Africans in the same colony could speak different native languages with different customs and loyalties

Rwanda

• • • • • Ethnic strife, genocide, human rights violations Tutsi vs Huto [1962] independence [1973] Juvenal Habyarimana – Established one-party republic [1981] Huto revolted against Tutsi leadership – 800,000 Tutsi killed – 2 million Hutu refuges sent or fled to Rawanda

Decolonization in Africa

• • • • • [1954-1962] Algerians: war against France [1960s] Nigeria and Ghana negotiated freedom in Parliamentary governing style – Now have presidential systems Kenya negotiated constitution with great Britain – Under leadership of Jomo Kenyatta Angola and Belgian Congo overthrew the government [1980] Zimbabwe: African majority rule

Africa “now”

• • • African Union – 53 out of 54 African nations – Political and economic confederation – Replace the Organization of African Unity (OAU) Many nations still undergoing civil war Economically rich in natural resources – Rubber and palm oil

Africa (cont)

• • • • • Union of South Africa – South Africa Act [1909] – Combined British colonies with Dutch Boer republics [1923] residential segregation [1931] S Africa gets independence from Britain [1948] Apartheid: separation of races [1950s] Africans in “homelands”; white population in cities

Anti-apartheid

• • • • • • [1950] African National Congress – Leader: Nelson Mandela – Abolish apartheid – First peaceful protest [1960] Sharpville massacre – Change to guerilla warfare [1964] Mandela charged with life in prison for role in anti-apartheid violence [1990] Mandela released from prison [1994] apartheid abolished [1990] Mandela elected president (first free, open election)

Israel

• • • • Jews occupied lands in Palestine Palestine became well-established in Islam WWI: Zionists in Britain convinced Arthur Balfour (Britain’s foreign secretary) to declare Jewish homeland in Palestine – Balfour Declaration Act [1917] Palestine occupied by a large number of both Jews and Muslims

Palestine split

• • • [1948] UN made two Palestines David Ben-Durion: prime minister of Israel – Jewish homeland [May 14, 1948] [1948] Arab-Israeli War – Israelis attacked by six Arab countries – Israelis quick organization and military – Controlled most of the Palestines

Muslims and Jews continue to fight

• • [1967] Six Day’s war – Victory for Israelis – Took control of West Bank from Jordan, Gaza Strip from England, and Golan Heights from Syria [1977] Prime Minister Begin and Egyptian President Sadat sign Camp David Accords – Recognize Israel's right to exist – Sadat assassinated

Palestine

• • Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) – Wants to reclaim land and establish Palestinian state – Unsuccessful in negotiations so far Intifada (uprising): on again, off again movement that sometimes uses terrorism to destroy or force Israel to withdrawal from territories

“Peace” attempts

• • • • Israel prime minister Ariel Sharon approved wall to be built between the West Bank and Israel “Roadmap to Pease” [2004]Palestinian president Yassir Arafat dies [2005] New president Mahmoud Abbas signs cease fire with Israel to end intifada

The Iranian Revolution

• • • • Reza Shah Pahlavi [1925] Westernization – Increased after World War II, land reform, education reform, increased rights of women – Women get right to vote, higher education/ careers, and adopted Western dress Islamic fundamentalists upset because they wanted the Qu’ran to be law of the land Other critics thought reform wasn’t enough

Iranian Revolution

• • • [1979] shah ousted from power Iran back to theocracy led by Ayatollah Khomeini Westernization progress reversed, women required to wear traditional Islamic clothes and return to Islamic dress, Qu’ran basis of legal system

Iran-Iraq War

• [1980] Iraq invades Iran – Border disputes – U.S. quietly supported Iraq – 8 year war – Cease-fire signed [1988]

Iran “now”

• • • Power struggle between Islamic fundamentalists and reform minded minority Experimentation with nuclear technology [2005] Mahmoud Ahmadinejad elected president

Oil

• • • Industrial Revolution bonanza for Middle East because oil used as fuel Middle eastern governments started making billions of dollars annually for drilling and production rights [1960] Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries – Oil cartel – Members cut supply, increasing cost of oil and increasing profits – Money used for improving infrastructure and agriculture

The Persian Gulf War

• • [1990] Iraq, under Saddam Hussein invades Kuwait for oil reserves – Would have given Iraq 20% of the worlds oil and a good chance to invade Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (50+% of the worlds oil) [1991] the United Nations sent troops to drive Iraqis out of Kuwait – Liberation of Kuwait – Iraq subjected to UN monitoring, limitations on military activities, and economic sanctions

Iraq

• • • Hussein remained in power – Brutal dictatorship – Ignored peace treaty [April 2003] United States and Great Britain invade Iraq to oust Saddam from power [December 2003] Saddam captured

New Government

• • • • [May 2005] New democratically elected government formed – New constitution [October 2005] New government according to “proportional representation”  women, Sunni Muslims, Kurdish Iraqis, and Shia in government President- Jalal Talabani (Kurdish) Prime Minister- (Nouri al-Maliki (Shia)

Afghanistan

• [1980s] Soviet Union sends troops to Afghanistan – Resistors = Mujahidin or “holy warriors” – Weapons from Western powers (US) – Guerilla attacks against Soviet Union – Declining communism removed Soviet threat

Afghanistan and Al Qaeda

• • • Afghanistan taken over by the Taliban: Islamic fundamentalist regime, captured Kabul in [1996] Afghanistan used as safe haven for Osama bin Laden, Saudi leader of Al Qaeda Al Qaeda doesn’t like U.S.

– U.s. supports Israel – U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia – Globalization infecting Islamic culture

War on Terrorism

• • • • • [September 11, 2001] Al Qaeda takes control of four American passenger jets – Fly 2 into the World Trade Center – 1 into the Pentagon – 1 into field in Pennsylvania U.S. declares war on terrorism Taliban removed from government Al Qaeda still survived Suicide bombings and terrorist attacks continue

High-Tech Warfare vs. Guerilla Warfare

-Sophisticated and effective, but also costly -Stealthy and Low Tech -Seek the destruction of another state, or organization.

-Small Teams fight site to site -Can take months to organize -Once implemented, devastatingly efficient -Result in many casualties, not just combatants, but civilians as well Each attack is generally less deadly, but flexible, random, and hard to predict

World Trade

• • • [1990s] North American Free Trade Agreement European Union – Establish euro – Give U.S. economic competition Goods and ideas transported easily

China & India

• • • • Deng Xiaoping: “To Be Rich is Glorious” “Socialism with Chinese Characteristics” Industrial and economic increases [1980s] special economic zones Increase in consumer goods, toys, and apparel

India

• • • World’s largest democracy [1991] India in crisis – No money, contender for Prime Minister assassinated, poor economy and industries Technology and computer chip industries in U.S. encouraged opportunities in India – Indian entrepreneurs brought ideas back to Indian companies – Built on technology and global demand for software and support

New Organizations

• [1945] International Monetary Fund (IMF) & the World Bank – Protect and stabilize world economic relationships, loan financial assistance • The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) – Reduce barriers to international trade – Becomes WTO [1994]

New Organizations

• [1975]Group of Six (G6) – Forum for major industrialized democracies: U.S., Great Britain, West Germany, Italy, Japan, Poland – – G8: joined by Canada and Russia Discuss global concern • G20 – Group of 20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors – Represents key industrialized & developing countries

Environmental Change

• [1950s-1960s] “Green Revolution” – Increased agriculture by using chemical fertilizers and pesticides, biologically engineered foods, more efficient means of harvesting, more land – Inexpensive and plentiful food – Destroyed land (rainforests), reduced species diversity, brought social conflicts

Environmental Concerns

• • • • [1980s] environmental focus: pollution or waste management Water Oil Global Warming – [1992] First Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro – [1197] Kyoto Protocol: make global agreement on ways to reduce environmental damage

Global Health Crises

• • The WHO: World Health Organization – Non profit – Lower infant mortality – Combat diseases that cause epidemics – Change social norms and behaviors of at risk populations AIDS

The Age of the Computer

• • • • [1970s] Compaq and IBM create new hardware to allow computers to shrink (using silicon chip to store data) – PC, personal computer [1980s] early version of World Wide Web [1990s] More homes get computers, America Online introduces internet to American pop.

Internet Censorship in some countries, (India and China)

Changes and Continuities in Women

• • Integration and global connectedness made access to education and political reforms Politically, gained right to vote in many parts of the world by beginning of 20 th century – Only fundamentalist Middle Eastern countries that women still do not have the right to vote – Asian and African countries: female access to political power limited

Changes and Continuities in Women

• • • Communism allows “equality” – women played a part in Russia, Chinese, and Cuban revolutions However, almost all key positions in communist parties held by men Sate-sponsored sterilization and “one child policy” puts restrictions on freedom for women

Changes and Continuities in Women

• • • • Industrialized areas: birth rates dropped, birth control available, marriage rates declined, divorce and second marriage more common 20 th Century- women’s presence in workforce more acceptable [Mid-1980s] education in Westernized and industrialized countries gave women right to participate fully in work force Women’s pay still not equal to male counterparts

The Rise of NGOs

• • • • Non Governmental Organizations Private/often non-profit Provide relief/services/advocacy – The Red Cross – Doctors without Borders – Amnesty International – ACLU Why After World War II?

Globalization

• • Faster and penetrating “hidden” parts of the globe – Aided by transportation, communication, and imperialism Does not necessarily mean convergence, but that everything is spread around the globe