Transcript Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index

Diabstraksikan oleh:
soemarno, psdl ppsub, desember 2012
INDEKS KELESTARIAN
LINGKUNGAN
=
Environmental
Sustainability Index
.
Bahan Kajian pada MK. PSDAL
KELESTARIAN LIN GKUNGAN =
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
Environmental
sustainability
involves making decisions
and taking action that are
in the interests of
protecting the natural
world, with particular
emphasis on preserving
the capability of the
environment to support
human life.
Environmental sustainability is
about making responsible
decisions that will reduce your
business' negative impact on the
environment.
It is not simply about reducing
the amount of waste you produce
or using less energy, but is
concerned with developing
processes that will lead to
businesses becoming completely
sustainable in the future.
Diunduh dari: http://toolkit.smallbiz.nsw.gov.au/part/17/86/371 ……………… 6/12/2012
ISU-ISU PEMBANGUNAN BERKELAN JUTAN
1. Ecological sustainability: Preventing
damage to major biological life cycles,
maintaining ecosystems and
biodiversity;
2. Sustainable resource use: Resource
use should not threaten ecological
sustainability and should be within
the renewable capacity;
3. Sustainable waste management and
pollution prevention: Generation of
waste and release of pollution should
not threaten ecological sustainability
and should be within the absorption
capacity of the receiving environment;
4. Development of a sustainable society:
This is concerned with social inclusion
and economic development to
improve the quality of life for all, both
in the short and long term.
Sustainable development and the "Triple
bottom line"
Diunduh dari: http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/9900/bio_fuel_cells/groupproject/library/sustainableenergy/pageframe.htm……………… 7/12/2012
PERLUNYA INDEKS KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN
1. Counterpart to
Competitiveness
Index and other
economic
performance
measures
2. Benchmark
environmental
performance
3. Better goals,
programs, and
policies
4. Clarify
environment/econ
omic tradeoffs
Sumber: Pilot Environmental Sustainability
Index, Dan Esty, Yale, Marc Levy, Columbia,
May 5, 2000. …………… diunduh 28/11/2012
Requirements for Environmental Impact
Assessments
Environmental impact assessments are required for any projects likely
to have a significant effect on the environment, and are mandatory for
large energy projects and wastewater treatment plants. Planning
authorities require the developer to produce an Environmental
Statement including:
1. A description of the development and data on the main impacts it
is likely to have on the environment;
2. A description of the likely significant environmental impacts
including direct and indirect impacts:
1. Impacts on human beings
2. Use of natural and material resources, air and water
3. Impacts on ecology
4. Emissions of pollutants and elimination of waste
5. Impacts on landscape and cultural heritage
3. Assessment and forecasts of the effects of the use of natural
resources, emissions, and waste in the short to long term including
indirect, cumulative, temporary, and permanent effects;
4. Measures envisaged to avoid, reduce, or remedy adverse effects;
5. An outline of alternative solutions which have been studied.
Diunduh dari: http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/9900/bio_fuel_cells/groupproject/library/environmental/pageframe.htm
Analytical
Foundations
Environmental
Systems
•
•
•
•
•
Urban Air Quality
Water Quantity
Water Quality
Biodiversity
Land
Social and
Institutional
Capacity
Human
Vulnerability
• Basic Sustenance
• Public Health
• Environmental
Disasters
Environmental
Stresses
•
•
•
•
•
• Science/Technical
Capacity
• Rigorous Policy Debate
• Environmental
Regulation and
Management
• Tracking Environmental
Conditions
• Eco-efficiency
• Public Choice Failures
Air Pollution
Water Pollution/Use
Ecosystem Stress
Waste/Consumption
Population
Global
Stewardship
• Contribution to
International
Cooperation
• Impact on Global
Commons
Sumber: Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index, Dan Esty, Yale, Marc Levy, Columbia, May 5, 2000. …………… diunduh 28/11/2012
DATA EMPIRIKAL
• For each factor, we identified 1-6 variables
to serve as quantitative measures (65 total)
• For this pilot, we weighted the factors
equally in computing the Index
65
variables
21 Factors
5 components
Index
Sumber: Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index, Dan Esty, Yale, Marc Levy, Columbia, May 5, 2000. …………… diunduh 28/11/2012
CONTOH: KAPASITAS SOSIAL & KELEMBAGAAN
Austria
Brazil
Costa Rica
Egypt
France
Malaysia
Portugal
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Scientific and Technical Capacity
Capacity for Rigorous Public Debate
Environmental Regulation and Management
Tracking Environmental Conditions
Eco-efficiency
Avoiding Public Choice Failures
Sumber: Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index, Dan Esty, Yale, Marc Levy, Columbia, May 5, 2000. …………… diunduh 28/11/2012
CONTOH: KAPASITAS SOSIAL & KELEMBAGAAN
Switzerland
Austria
France
Portugal
Costa Rica
Brazil
Turkey
Malaysia
Egypt
Ukraine
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Scientific and Technical Capacity
Capacity for Rigorous Public Debate
Environmental Regulation and Management
Tracking Environmental Conditions
Eco-efficiency
Avoiding Public Choice Failures
Sumber: Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index, Dan Esty, Yale, Marc Levy, Columbia, May 5, 2000. …………… diunduh 28/11/2012
PENGGUNAAN INDEKS:
Assessing Environment/Economic Tradeoffs
Relationship betw een Environmental Sustainability and
Relat ionship between Environmental Sust ainability
Environmental
sustainability does
not appear to
impose a
constraint on
economic growth
Economic Growth, 1993-1998
80
80
and Economic Compet it iveness
70
70
60
60
As hypothesized by
Michael Porter, there
may be a connection
between good economic
performance and good
environmental
performance
50
50
40
40
-15
-3
-2 -10
-1
-5
0
0
1
52
310
GDP
Rate,
19931998
W EF Growth
Competitiv
eness
Index
Sumber: Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index, Dan Esty, Yale, Marc Levy, Columbia, May 5, 2000. …………… diunduh 28/11/2012
Why does this matter?
Four perspectives on the relationship between economic
performance and environmental sustainability
Environment
Difficult
tradeoffs – policy
dilemmas
Environmental
Kuznets: just be
patient
Economics
Good things go together –
policy “free lunch”
All combinations are possible –
importance of responsible policy
choices
Good
indicators
are vital
Sumber: Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index, Dan Esty, Yale, Marc Levy, Columbia, May 5, 2000. …………… diunduh 28/11/2012
(Does the world really need another environmental
indicator?)
• Measuring
environmental
sustainability is
possible and
useful
– This is a surprising,
and encouraging,
result
• Some aspects
appear to be
easier to quantify
than others
– Some surprises
here (capacity v.
stress)
LIVING GREENER
1. Save energy and cost
2. Save and re-use water
3. Reduce wastes and recycle
4. Travel snarter
(Sumber: http://www.livinggreener.gov.au/)
Energy is connected to nearly every aspect of
daily life. But the energy sources we rely on
most - like coal, oil and natural gas - are
being used up and can’t be replaced for
millions of years.
Producing energy from these sources also
releases harmful greenhouse gases which
impact our environment.
Sumber: Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index, Dan Esty, Yale, Marc Levy, Columbia, May 5, 2000. …………… diunduh 28/11/2012
ESI DAPAT DISEMPURNAKAN TERUS
– Investment in data creation
• Most global environmental monitoring programs are based on 19th
century models – time to move forward
– Pluralistic, distributed networks (no central bottlenecks)
– Greater use of civil society
– Remote sensing and other advanced technologies
– More sophisticated methods to weight factors and test validity,
understand underlying assumptions and values
• Factor analysis, time series analysis, regression analysis
– Interactive, open version
• Permit users to change factors and variables, change weights, add new
variables
– Scalable version
• Permit users to integrate global, national, regional and local indicators as
appropriate to their needs
Sumber: Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index, Dan Esty, Yale, Marc Levy, Columbia, May 5, 2000. …………… diunduh 28/11/2012
KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN
Kelestarian lingkungan melibatkan pengambilan keputusan dan tindakan
yang berada dalam lingkup kepentingan melindungi alam, dengan
penekanan khusus pada pelestarian kemampuan lingkungan untuk
mendukung kehidupan manusia.
Hal ini merupakan isu penting pada saat ini, karena orang-orang menyadari
dampak negatif lingkungan dapat terjadi pada individu manusia dan
organisasi bisnis.
Keberlanjutan lingkungan kerkaitan dnegan membuat keputusan
bertanggung jawab yang akan mengurangi dampak negatif terhadap
lingkungan. Hal ini tidak hanya berkenaan dengan mengurangi jumlah
sampah yang dihasilkan atau menggunakan energi secara lebih sedikit dan
lebih hemat, tetapi juga berkaitan dnegan upaya-upaya mengembangkan
proses yang akan menyebabkan “biosfir” menjadi benar-benar
berkelanjutan di masa depan.
Diunduh dari:
ESI = ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY INDEX
Indeks Kelestarian Lingkungan (ESI) adalah ukuran menyeluruh
tentang perkembangan ke arah (menuju) kelestarian lingkungan.
Indeks ini memberikan profil komposit penata-layanan
lingkungan didasarkan pada penyusunan indikator yang berasal
dari basis data yang mendasari.
ESI adalah indeks komposit yang diterbitkan 1999-2005 yang
disusun berdasarkan 21 unsur kelestarian lingkungan hidup yang
mencakup jasa-jasa sumberdaya alam, tingkat polusi masa lalu
dan sekarang, upaya pengelolaan lingkungan, kontribusi untuk
perlindungan global, dan kapasitas masyarakat untuk
meningkatkan kinerja lingkungan dari waktu ke waktu.
Diunduh dari:
ESI = ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY INDEX
ESI ini dipublikasikan antara 1999-2005 oleh Yale University
Center for Environmental Law and Policy, bekerja sama dengan
Columbia University Center for International Earth Information
Science Network (CIESIN), dan Forum Ekonomi Dunia.
ESI dikembangkan untuk mengevaluasi kelestarian lingkungan di
usatu negara dibandingkan dnegan negara lain.
Dalam perkembangannya ditemukan indeks baru, yaitu Indeks
Kinerja Lingkungan (EPI), yang menggunakan indikatorberorientasi pada hasil, kemudian dianalisis menjadi indeks yang
dapat lebih mudah digunakan oleh para pembuat kebijakan,
ilmuwan lingkungan, dan masyarakat umum .
Environmental Performance Index = EPI
Diunduh dari: sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Sustainability_Index
Environmental Performance Index (EPI)
The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) is a
method of quantifying and numerically benchmarking
the environmental performance of a state's policies.
This index was developed from the Pilot
Environmental Performance Index, first published in
2002, and designed to supplement the environmental
targets set forth in the United Nations Millennium
Development Goals.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index
Environmental Performance Index (EPI)
The ESI was developed to evaluate environmental
sustainability relative to the paths of other countries.
EPI uses outcome-oriented indicators, then working
as a benchmark index that can be more easily used by
policy makers, environmental scientists, advocates
and the general public.
Diunduh dari:
Diabstraksikan oleh:
soemarno, psdl ppsub, desember 2012
INDEKS KELESTARIAN
LINGKUNGAN
=
Environmental
Sustainability Index
KUALITAS UDARA KOTA
Bahan Kajian pada MK. PSDAL
SISTEM LINGKUNGAN
1.Kualitas udara perkotaan
2.Kuantitas air
3.Kualitas air
4.Biodiversitas
5.Lahan
Sumber: Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index, Dan Esty, Yale, Marc Levy, Columbia, May 5, 2000. …………… diunduh 28/11/2012
KUALITAS UDARA
Air quality is defined as a measure of the condition of air relative to the
requirements of one or more biotic species or to any human need or
purpose. To compute the AQI requires an air pollutant concentration
from a monitor or model. The function used to convert from air
pollutant concentration to AQI varies by pollutant, and is different in
different countries. Air quality index values are divided into ranges, and
each range is assigned a descriptor and a color code. Standardized public
health advisories are associated with each AQI range.
The AQI can go up (meaning worse air quality) due to a lack of dilution
of air pollutants. Stagnant air, often caused by an anticyclone,
temperature inversion, or low wind speeds lets air pollution remain in a
local area, leading to high concentrations of pollutants and hazy
conditions. An agency might encourage members of the public to take
public transportation or work from home when AQI levels are high.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality_index ……………… 28/11/2012
INDEKS KUALITAS UDARA
An air quality index (AQI) is a number used by
government agencies to communicate to the public how
polluted the air is currently or how polluted it is forecast to
become.
As the AQI increases, an increasingly large percentage of the
population is likely to experience increasingly severe adverse
health effects. Different countries have their own air quality
indices which are not all consistent.
Different countries also use different names for their indices
such as Air Quality Health Index, Air Pollution Index and
Pollutant Standards Index.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality_index ……………… 28/11/2012
KUALITAS UDARA DI KANADA
. Air quality in Canada has been reported for many years with provincial Air Quality
Indices (AQIs). Significantly, AQI values reflect air quality management objectives,
which are based on the lowest achievable emissions rate, and not exclusively concern
for human health. The Air Quality Health Index or (AQHI) is a scale designed to help
understand the impact of air quality on health. It is a health protection tool used to
make decisions to reduce short-term exposure to air pollution by adjusting activity
levels during increased levels of air pollution.
The Air Quality Health Index provides a number from 1 to 10+ to indicate the level
of health risk associated with local air quality. On occasion, when the amount of air
pollution is abnormally high, the number may exceed 10. The AQHI provides a local air
quality current value as well as a local air quality maximums forecast for today, tonight,
and tomorrow, and provides associated health advice.
1
2
Risk:
3
4
Low (1-3)
5
6
Moderate (46)
7
8
High (7-10)
9
10
Very high
(above 10)
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality_index ……………… 28/11/2012
+
Air quality in Canada
Health Risk
Low
Moderate
High
Very high
Air Quality
Health
Index
Health Messages
At Risk population
Enjoy your usual outdoor
activities.
Consider reducing or
rescheduling strenuous
activities outdoors if you are
experiencing symptoms.
*General Population
7-10
Reduce or reschedule
strenuous activities outdoors.
Children and the elderly should
also take it easy.
Consider reducing or rescheduling
strenuous activities outdoors if you
experience symptoms such as
coughing and throat irritation.
Above 10
Avoid strenuous activities
outdoors. Children and the
elderly should also avoid
outdoor physical exertion.
Reduce or reschedule strenuous
activities outdoors, especially if you
experience symptoms such as
coughing and throat irritation.
1-3
4-6
Ideal air quality for outdoor activities
No need to modify your usual
outdoor activities unless you
experience symptoms such as
coughing and throat irritation.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality_index ……………… 28/11/2012
INDEKS KUALITAS UDARA DI USA
The United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
(EPA) has developed an
index which they use to
report daily air quality.
This AQI is divided into
six categories indicating
increasing levels of
health concern.
An AQI value over 300
represents hazardous air
quality whereas if it is
below 50 the air quality
is good
Air Quality Index
(AQI) Values
Levels of Health
Concern
Colors
0 to 50
Good
Green
51 to 100
Moderate
Yellow
101 to 150
Unhealthy for
Sensitive Groups
Orange
151 to 200
Unhealthy
Red
201 to 300
Very Unhealthy
Purple
301 to 500
Hazardous
Maroon
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality_index ……………… 28/11/2012
INDEKS KUALITAS UDARA
The AQI is based on the five pollutants regulated by the Clean Air Act: ground-level
ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide.
The EPA has established National Ambient Air Quality Standards for all of these
pollutants to protect public health. An AQI value of 100 generally corresponds to the
standard for the pollutant.
The air quality index is a piecewise linear function of the pollutant concentration. At
the boundary between AQI categories, there is a discontinuous jump of one AQI unit.
To convert from concentration to AQI this equation is used:
where:
Clow
Chigh
Ilow
Ihigh
I = the (Air Quality) index,
C = the pollutant concentration,
= the concentration breakpoint that is ≤ ,
= the concentration breakpoint that is ≥ ,
= the index breakpoint corresponding to ,
= the index breakpoint corresponding to .
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality_index ……………… 28/11/2012
BAKU MUTU PM2.5 DI USA
EPA's table of breakpoints for PM2.5 is:
Category
0
15.4
0
50
Good
15.5
40.4
51
100
Moderate
40.5
65.4
101
150
Unhealthy for Sensitive
Groups
65.5
150.4
151
200
Unhealthy
150.5
250.4
201
300
Very Unhealthy
250.5
350.4
301
400
Hazardous
350.5
500.4
401
500
Hazardous
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality_index ……………… 28/11/2012
KUALITAS UDARA DALAM RUANGAN
INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ)
Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a term which refers to the air quality
within and around buildings and structures, especially as it relates
to the health and comfort of building occupants.
IAQ can be affected by gases (including carbon monoxide, radon,
volatile organic compounds), particulates, microbial contaminants
(mould, bacteria) or any mass or energy stressor that can induce
adverse health conditions. Source control, filtration and the use of
ventilation to dilute contaminants are the primary methods for
improving indoor air quality in most buildings.
Determination of IAQ involves the collection of air samples,
monitoring human exposure to pollutants, collection of samples
on building surfaces and computer modelling of air flow inside
buildings.
Diunduh dari:
… http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_air_quality …………… 28/11/2012
INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ)
Common pollutants
Second-hand smoke
1.1 Second-hand smoke
1.2 Radon
1.3 Moulds and other allergens
1.4 Carbon monoxide
1.5 Volatile organic compounds
1.6 Legionella
1.7 Other bacteria
1.8 Asbestos fibres
1.9 Carbon dioxide
1.10 Ozone
Second-hand smoke is tobacco smoke
which affects other people other than the
'active' smoker.
Second-hand tobacco smoke includes both
a gaseous and a particulate phase, with
particular hazards arising from levels of
carbon monoxide (as indicated below) and
very small particulates (at PM2.5 size)
which get past the lung's natural defences.
The only certain method to improve indoor
air quality as regards second-hand smoke
is the implementation of comprehensive
smoke-free laws.
Diunduh dari:
……………… 28/11/2012
SENYAWA ORGANIK YANG MUDAH MENGUAP
Volatile organic compounds
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted as gases from certain
solids or liquids. VOCs include a variety of chemicals, some of which may
have short- and long-term adverse health effects. Concentrations of many
VOCs are consistently higher indoors (up to ten times higher) than
outdoors. VOCs are emitted by a wide array of products numbering in the
thousands.
Examples include: paints and lacquers, paint strippers, cleaning supplies,
pesticides, building materials and furnishings, office equipment such as
copiers and printers, correction fluids and carbonless copy paper, graphics
and craft materials including glues and adhesives, permanent markers,
and photographic solutions.
Organic chemicals are widely used as ingredients in household products.
Paints, varnishes, and wax all contain organic solvents, as do many
cleaning, disinfecting, cosmetic, degreasing, and hobby products. Fuels are
made up of organic chemicals. All of these products can release organic
compounds during usage, and, to some degree, when they are stored.
Diunduh dari:
……………… 28/11/2012
INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (IEQ):
For additional support visit our client service
page.
Before “indoor environmental quality” or “IEQ”
has completely lost its meaning, we want to bring
attention to its definition which is a
comprehensive term from the field of indoor
climate engineering representing the collective
influence from the indoor environment on all the
physiological sensory systems of the human body
which can be represented by;
IEQ = IAQ +ITQ + ILQ + ISQ + IOQ + IVQ
where
I = Indoor, Q = Quality
and,
A = Air
T = Thermal
L = Lighting
S = Sound
O = Odour (odor)
V = Vibrations
Diunduh dari: http://www.healthyheating.com/Defintion_of_indoor_environmental_quality.htm#.UL0Pr2fRnKQ ………………
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND (VOC)
A paint job that leaves you lightheaded, or new upholstery that has a funny scentthese are VOCs at work.
These insidious chemicals are emitted, at room temperature, from many common
household materials, paints, finishes, furnishings, and textiles. Examples of VOCs
include benzene, formaldehyde, and methylene chloride. Some occur naturally in the
materials; others are added during the manufacturing process.
The offgassing of VOCs can have both short- and long-term adverse health effects,
ranging from nausea and eye irritation to nervous system damage and cancer. These
days, it's getting easier and easier to find no-VOC and low-VOC products such as
paints, adhesives, and fabrics.
Konsentrasi VOC di udara dalam ruangan biasanya lebih tinggi daripada udara luar,
dan VOC di dalam bangunan berventilasi buruk seringkali menjadi penyebab utama
dari sindrom gedung sakit (SBS). Carilah produk yang bebas dari bahan kimia ini jika
memungkinkan, jika tidak, kalau menggunakan cat, pernis, larutan pembersih, atau
produk lain yang mengandung VOC, maka ventilasi ruang kerja harus baik dan
membuang sisa-sisa makanan dan limbah dengan baik.
Diunduh dari: http://www.blueegg.com/Green-Glossary/Volatile-organic-compound-VOC.html ……………… 28/11/2012
UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND
Pulau panas perkotaan adalah nama yang
diberikan untuk menggambarkan karakteristik
panasnya atmosfer dan permukaan di kota-kota
(perkotaan) dibandingkan dengan lingkungan
sekitarnya.
The pulau panas adalah contoh modifikasi iklim
yang tidak disengaja ketika urbanisasi mengubah
karakteristik permukaan bumi dan atmosfer.
Diunduh dari: http://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/voogt.html
UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND
Ada tiga tipe Pulau Panas:
1. Pulau Panas lapisan kanopi = canopy layer
heat island (CLHI)
2. Pulau Panas Lapisan Batas = boundary
layer heat island (BLHI)
3. Pulau Panas Permukaan = surface heat
island (SHI)
Diunduh dari: http://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/voogt.html
UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND
Dua tipe pulau panas yang pertama mengacu pada
pemanasan atmosfer perkotaan. Tipe pulau panas yang ke
tiga mengacu pada kehangatan relatif permukaan perkotaan.
Lapisan kanopi perkotaan (UCL) adalah lapisan udara yang
paling dekat dengan permukaan di kota-kota, memperluas ke
atas kira-kira setinggi bangunan rata-rata.
Di atas lapisan kanopi perkotaan terletak lapisan batas kota,
yang tebalnya mencapai 1 kilometer (km) atau lebih pada
siang hari, dan menyusut hingga ratusan meter atau kurang
pada malam hari .
Lapisan batas kota ini membentuk kubah udara hangat yang
meluas melawan arah angin dari kota. Angin sering
mengubah kubah menjadi bentuk yang bagus.
Diunduh dari: http://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/voogt.html
UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND
Skema penggambaran komponen utama dari atmosfer perkotaan.
Diunduh dari: http://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/voogt.html
UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND
Jenis pulau panas bervariasi bentuk spasialnya,
sedangkan karakteristiknya dinamis (berhubungan
dengan waktu), dan beberapa proses fisik yang
berkontribusi dalam perkembangannya.
Para ilmuwan mengukur suhu udara untuk CLHI
atau BLHI langsung menggunakan termometer,
sedangkan SHI diukur dengan sensor remote
dipasang di satelit atau pesawat udara.
Diunduh dari: http://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/voogt.html
UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND
Bentuk spatial Pulau Panas
The isotherms, or lines of equal temperature, form a pattern
that resembles an “island” loosely following the shape of the
urbanized region, surrounded by cooler areas.
There is often a sharp rise in the canopy-layer air
temperature at the boundary of rural—suburban areas,
followed by a slow and often variable increase towards the
downtown core of the urban area where the warmest
temperatures occur. The boundary layer heat island shows
much less variability than the other heat island types and a
cross-section shows its shape resembles a simple dome or
plume with warmer air transported downwind of the city.
Diunduh dari: http://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/voogt.html
UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND
Gambaran
skematis
komponen
utama
dari
atmosfer
perkotaan
Diunduh dari: http://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/voogt.html
UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND
Intensitas pulau panas
Intensitas pulau panas adalah ukuran kekuatan atau besarnya
pulau panas.
Pada malam hari, intensitas lapisan kanopi pulau panas
biasanya 1 - 3° C, tetapi di pada kondisi optimum intensitas
hingga 12°C.
BLHI cenderung untuk mempertahankan pulau panas lebih
konstan intensitasnya, siang dan malam (~ 1.5 ° - 2° C).
SHI biasanya paling nyata pada siang hari, ketika pemanasan
matahari yang kuat dapat menyebabkan perbedaan suhu
yang signifikan antara permukaan kering dan basah,
permukaan yang ternaungi (teduh), atau permukaan
bervegetasi.
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UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND
Karakteristik permukaan & Pulau panas
Sifat permukaan merupakan faktor yang sangat berpengaruh
terhadap pola spasial suhu permukaan dan lapisan kanopi
suhu udara kota.
Suhu udara lebih tinggi di lokasi yang padat bangunannya, dan
suhu udara lebih rendah di dekat taman kota atau di daerah
yang terbuka.
Suhu permukaan sangat sensitif terhadap kondisi permukaan:
selama siang hari, kering, permukaan gelap yang sangat
menyerap sinar matahari menjadi sangat panas; sedangkan
permukaan yang warnanya terang dan / atau lembab , suhunya
lebih dingin. Penaunganpermukaan juga membantu
mengontrol suhu.
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UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND
Bentuk temporal pulau panas
Semua pulau-pulau panas terbentuk karena perbedaan tingkat pemanasan
dan pendinginan kawasan kota relatif terhadap lingkungan sekitarnya.
Tingkat pemanasan dan pendinginan ini mempengaruhi pulau panas.
1.
CLHI: intensitas pulau panas meningkat dengan waktu dari matahari terbenam hingga
maksimum di suatu tempat, antara waktu beberapa jam setelah matahari terbenam
hingga dini hari. Pada siang hari intensitas CLHI biasanya cukup lemah atau kadang
negatif (sebuah pulau keren) di beberapa bagian kota di mana ada bayangan yang luas
oleh gedung-gedung tinggi atau struktur lainnya dan adanya lag dalam pemanasan
karena penyimpanan panas oleh bahan bangunan.
2. SHI: ini sangat positif , siang dan malam hari, karena permukaan perkotaan hangat.
SHI siang-hari biasanya terbesar karena radiasi matahari mempengaruhi suhu
permukaan.
3. BLHI: umumnya positif , siang dan malam hari, tetapi ukurannya jauh lebih kecil
dibandingkan dnegan CLHI atau SHI.
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UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND
Bagaimana pulau panas terbentuk dan bagaimana
mereka dikendalikan?
Sejumlah faktor yang berkontribusi terhadap
terjadinya dan intensitas pulau-pulau panas:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cuaca
Lokasi geografis
Waktu hari dan musim
Bentuk kota
Fungsi kota
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UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND
Cuaca, khususnya angin dan awan, mempengaruhi
pembentukan pulau-pulau panas.
Pulau panas yang terbesar terbantuk pada kondisi cuaca
tenang dan cerah.
Semakin meningkat kecepatan angin mencampur udara ,
biasanya akan mengurangi pulau panas.
Peningkatan awan mengurangi pendinginan radiasi di
malam hari dan juga mengurangi pulau panas.
Variasi musiman pola cuaca panas juga mempengaruhi
frekuensi dan besarnya pulau.
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UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND
Fungsi kota menentukan output polutan ke atmosfer
perkotaan, limbah panas dari penggunaan energi, dan
penggunaan air irigasi.
Panas antropogenik, atau panas yang dihasilkan dari aktivitas
manusia, terutama pembakaran bahan bakar fosil, sangat
penting dalam pembentukan pulau panas.
Pemanasan antropogenik biasanya berdampak besar selama
musim dingin di pusat kota di daerah iklim dingin.
Dalam kasus tertentu , kota yang sangat padat mungkin
memiliki pemanasan antropogenik yang sangat tinggi,
dihasilkan dari penggunaan energi untuk fasilitas
pendinginan.
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UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND
Bagaimana Pulau panas berdampak pada kota?
Pulau-pulau panas memiliki berbagai dampak bagi
penduduk kota, termasuk:
1. Kenyamanan manusia: positif (musim dingin), negatif
(musim panas)
2. Penggunaan energi: positif (musim dingin), negatif
(musim panas)
3. Polusi udara: Negatif
4. Penggunaan air: Negatif
5. Aktivitas biologis (misalnya, musim tanam panjang):
positif
6. Es dan salju: positif
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UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND
Solusi biologis untuk mengurangi pulau panas perkotaan?
Pemahaman mekanisme yang mendasari pembentukan
pulau panas fisik menjadi landasan untuk mengembangkan
sarana kontrol yang dapat meningkatkan atau mengurangi
pulau panas.
Misalnya, perubahan pola sebaran geometri permukaan
perkotaan dengan mengubah jarak antar gedung-gedung
biasanya tidak layak.
Strategi lain adalahmenggunakan atap dan paving berwarna
putih atau warna cerah lainnya.
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UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND
Sebuah solusi biologis adalah dengan menggunakan vegetasi
untuk mengurangi panas perkotaan.
Vegetasi memberikan efek naungan serta pendinginan
melalui penguapan air (transpirasi).
Penanaman pohon di sekitar individu bangunan untuk
menaungi permukaan perkotaan mampu mengurangi suhu
mereka, terutama atap dan dinding yang menghadap timur-,
barat.
Penurunan suhu permukaan juga menyebabkan
pengurangan penggunaan energi untuk pendingin udara
ruangan.
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UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND
Pohon juga dapat digunakan untuk peneduh jalan-jalan
raya dan tempat parkir, yang tidak akan menjadi sangat
panas siang hari dan yang menyimpan panas untuk rilis
kemudian di malam hari.
Penaungan kendaraan di tempat parkir dapat
mengurangi emisi penguapan bensin, yang berkontribusi
terhadap peningkatan ozon perkotaan.
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UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND
Penciptaan ruang terbuka hijau, seperti taman-taman
kota, dapat digunakan untuk membantu pendinginan
udara lingkungan kota; penghijauan kota dapat
menyebabkan suasana perkotaan menjadi lebih dingin.
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UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND
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UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND
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UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND
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