Endoscopic and Nutritional Implications of Bariatric Surgery
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Transcript Endoscopic and Nutritional Implications of Bariatric Surgery
The Medical Complications of
Bariatric Surgery
Jeanette Newton Keith MD
Associate Professor
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Department of Nutrition Sciences
Department of Internal Medicine
(www.eatright.uab.edu)
Background
More than one million people are classified as
morbidly obese in the United States
Bariatric surgery has emerged as a definitive
therapy for long-term treatment of obesity
The three to five year success rate is 54-75% for
surgery versus a 6-8% three-year success rate with
medical weight management programs
Background
Between 1990 to 1997, 12,203 people underwent bariatric
surgery
The annual rate has increased from 2.7 per 100,000 people
(1990) to 6.3 per 100,000 people (1997)
In 2006, approximately 177,600 cases were performed per
the American Society for Bariatric Surgery
Some estimate that > 205,000 surgeries will be performed
this year (Source: American Society for Metabolic and
Bariatric Surgery)
“To Cut or Not To Cut”
Medical Therapy 5-10% excess weight loss
Pharmacologic Intervention 8-10% EWL
Bariatric Surgery
60-80% EWL
Bariatric Surgery
Indications
for Bariatric Surgery:
Failure of medical therapy-3-5 yr attempt
Life-threatening complications of obesity
Severe obesity
(BMI >40 or >35 with complications)
Monitoring
pre-surgery:
Minimum of 6 months medical therapy
Followed by MD, DO or FNP
∆Wt, Food logs, exercise, psych
Blue Cross Blue Sheild of IL
Types of Bariatric Procedures
Malabsorptive:
Jejuno-ileal bypass
Biliopancreatic Diversion
Duodenal Switch (DS), no bypass
Restrictive:
Vertical banded gastric bypass
Laproscopic adjustable gastric banding
Restrictive and Malabsorptive:
Roux-en Y gastric bypass
Distal gastric bypass with DS
Surgical Advantages of Pure Gastric
Restriction
50% excess weight loss at 1 year
Minimal nutrition complications
Can be used in populations that are high
risk for RYGB
Surgical Advantages of Combined
Gastric Restriction & Malabsorption
Advantages of Gastric Bypass:
60% of excess weight lost in year 1
Maintains a weight loss of 50% for 25 years
Rapid resolution of metabolic syndrome
Improvement in obesity-related complications
Advantages of the Duodenal Switch:
60-80% of excess weight lost in year 1
Most effective therapy for super obese
Combined Gastric Restriction &
Malabsorption
Operative Risks: (vs. cholecystectomy)
Perioperative Mortality
Early Complications
Late Complications
1-2% vs. 0.2-0.8%
10% vs. 2.9%
20% vs. 1-2%
Limitations:
Widening of (unbanded) gastrojejunostomy
Expansion of gastric pouch
25% with nearly 100% weight regain***
Adaptation of limb that receives the food
Combined gastric restriction &
malabsorption
Potential complications:
1) severe dumping syndrome - rapid rush
of liquid/soft high caloric food “dumping”
into limb of small intestine….discomfort,
nausea, bloating, diarrhea, weakness
2) Abnormalities in iron, calcium, B12,
and possibly magnesium homeostasis
3) Profound rapid weight loss
Weight Loss Benefits vs. Nutritional
Risk
70
60
50
40
EWL
Mortality
B12 def
30
20
10
0
Band
Gastroplasty
GBP
DS
Risk of Deficiencies
Determined by the type of surgical intervention
Restrictive
Minimal risk
Malabsorptive
Moderate risk
Combination
High risk
Risk increases as:
the length of the common channel decreases, and
the degree of malabsorption increases
Risk of deficiencies
Deficiency
RYGBP
DS
Protein
4.7%
3-5%
Calcium
15-43%
Iron
Ferritin
33-50% 1 yr
49-52% 3yr
44-50%
15-57% 1 yr
63% 4 yr
35-74% 3 yr
Albumin
2%
2%
Anemia
35-74% 5 yr
35-74% 5 yr
44-50%
Risk of deficiencies
Deficiency
RYGBP
DS
B12
12-33%
33%
Thiamine
“Common”
“Common”
Folate
12%
12%
Vitamins A and “Frequent”
E
Vitamin D
>30%
A- 69% E-4%
K- 68%
30 -63%
Zinc
“Frequent”
“Frequent”
Other Nutrition Complications
Refractory Hypoglycemia
Vitamin C Deficiency
Selenium deficiency
Copper deficiency
Other Nutrition Complications
Severe Protein Calorie Malnutrition
Functional Pancreatic Insufficiency
Accelerated Weight Loss
Hepatic Failure
Dehydration
Other Post-surgical Complications
Anastomotic leak or bleeding (1-2%)
Strictures (10-15%)
Fistula formation
Severe diarrhea
Intusseption
Other Post-surgical Complications
Short Bowel Syndrome
Abdominal pain
Intestinal ischemia
Gastric erosions or ulceration
Hernias- Hiatal, Incisional
Non-Nutritional Psychosocial
Complications
Depression
Suicide
Alcoholism
Night Eating Syndrome
Binge Eating Syndrome
Zwaan et al Int J Eat Disord 2006
Adams et al NEJM 2007
Hsu et al Psychosom Med 1998
Types of Bariatric Procedures
Malabsorptive:
Jejuno-ileal bypass
Biliopancreatic Diversion
Duodenal Switch (DS), no bypass
Restrictive:
Vertical banded gastric bypass
Laproscopic adjustable gastric banding
Restrictive and Malabsorptive:
Roux-en Y gastric bypass
Distal gastric bypass with DS
Laproscopic Adjustable Banding
Nutritional Deficiencies:
Protein
Endoscopic limits:
Depends on lumen
Retroflexion
Increased risk of
ischemia and necrosis
Roux-en Y Gastric Bypass
Nutritional deficiencies:
Vitamin B12
Calcium
Iron
Protein
Endoscopic limits:
Retroflexion
ERCP
Distal Roux-en Y Gastric BP
Nutritional deficiencies:
Vitamin B12Calcium
Iron
Protein
Endoscopic limits:
Retroflexion
ERCP
Duodenal Switch, with RYGB
Pylorus and D1-sparing
Nutritional deficiencies:
Protein
Magnesium
Vitamin B12
Iron
Calcium
Endoscopic limits:
ERCP
Anti-obesity Surgery and Co-morbidities
120
100
80
Improve
Cure
60
40
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J Kral 1995, >1000 patients
Suggested Monitoring
Monitoring Guidelines
Frequent (no less than every 3 months)
Weight (more often in first 6 months)
CBC, Electrolytes, BUN, Cr, Ca, Mg, P
Glucose, Liver Tests, Albumin
Fat soluble vitamins-A,D.E and K
Vitamin B12, B1
Iron studies
Vitamin C, Selenium, Zinc, Copper
Pre-albumin (or Transferrin if renal disease)
Suggested Monitoring
Occasional (at least annually)
Measured Height
Bone Mineral Density
PTH, 1,25-OH Vitamin D, Zinc, 24 hour
urine calcium
Post Surgical Monitoring
Weight loss progression*
st
Goal: not more than 1-2 lbs/d in 1 mo
Adequate Protein Intake
Fluid status
Presutti et al, Mayo Clin Proc 2004
Goal Nutrient Intake
Protein
(1-2 grams per kg of adjusted weight)
60 gram Gastric bypass
75 grams Duodenal Switch
Fat
25% total calories
Carbohydrate
15-30 grams per serving day in 4-6 servings
Fluid
64 ounces
Potential Nutritional Limitations
Meat and dairy intolerance
Nutrient malabsorption
Vomiting, especially with over-consumption
Constipation
Dehydration
Dolan, Ann Surg 2004
Elliott Crit Care Nurs Q 2003
Post-surgical Supplementation
Prenatal multivitamin or Flintstone
chewable MVI with minerals (2/day)
Iron Polysaccharide 150 mg po BID for
women
Calcium Carbonate 500 mg po TID
Vitamin D 400 IU po qD
Vitamin B12 500 mcg po qD
Forse et al, Current Opin Endo Diabete 2000
Alvarez-Leite, Current Opin Clin Metab Care 2004
Nutrient Deficiencies
Preventable with supplementation
Require lifelong compliance with
supplements
Minimized by regular and routine
monitoring
Nutrition Monitoring Challenges
Few randomized protocols to address nutrition
monitoring
How often and for how long patients are to be
followed is debated due to $$$
Timing of follow-up visits not clear
Routine vitamin replacement not covered by
many carriers
Take Home
Bariatric surgery can be life-saving for the
right patient
Attention to adequate nutrition and vitamin
supplementation is key
Lifelong monitoring is essential