Transcript Predictors of parenting behavior and satisfaction among

Kuterovac Jagodić, G., Keresteš, G & Brković, I.
Department of Psychology
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia
Predictors of
parenting behavior and satisfaction
among parents that transited to parenting
during the war in Croatia
17/07/2015
8th Alps-Adria Psychology Conference, October 2-4, 2008,
Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Study rationale
• Parenting in conditions of war: disruption of
parental functions and personal traumatization
• Studies of war and violence have found:
increase in control, decrease in warmth and
responsiveness, decrease in parenting
satisfaction
• Less than optimal parenting
negative effects
on child development
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8th Alps-Adria Psychology Conference, October 2-4, 2008,
Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Determinants of parenting
Belsky (1984)
War
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8th Alps-Adria Psychology Conference, October 2-4, 2008,
Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Goals of the study
1. To assess a degree of impact of war on parents
in respect to their sex, age, education and
regional exposure to the war
2.To examine to what extent impact of the war and
contextual variable of social support as well as
parental mental health and child’s demographic
characteristics explain parenting behavior and
satisfaction.
3.To test for possible indirect pathway between
negative effect of war and parenting behavior
and parenting satisfaction, mediated by parental
mental health problems
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8th Alps-Adria Psychology Conference, October 2-4, 2008,
Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Participants
• N=812 pairs of mothers and fathers
• War experience: 49% from more
and 51% from less war affected
Croatian towns
• Age: Mmothers= 39 yrs. Mfathers = 42 yrs
• Education:
– Mothers: elementary school 12%,
high school 62.1% , faculty 25.8%
– Fathers: elementary school
7.1%,high school 63.4%, faculty
29%
• Working status: employed 70.1%
mothers and 81.2% fathers
• Children: 368 (45.3%) boys and
444 (54.7%) girls; 10-15 yrs
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8th Alps-Adria Psychology Conference, October 2-4, 2008,
Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Method
Instruments for self-assessment of parents
• Parental Behavior Questionnaire - URP
(Keresteš, Kuterovac Jagodić & Brković 2006)
– 32 items, 4-point scale; 2 dimensions of parental behavior:
• Positive parenting scale (acceptance, positive discipline, monitoring)
• Alpha mothers =.73, alpha fathers=.78
• Negative parenting scale (rejection, negative discipline)
• Alpha mothers =.64, alpha fathers=.67
• Parenting Satisfaction Scale
– 4 items, 4-point scale
– satisfaction with parental behavior, knowledge and abilities
– Alpha mothers =.73, alpha fathers=.77
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8th Alps-Adria Psychology Conference, October 2-4, 2008,
Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Method
Instruments for self-assessment of parents
• Impact of War Questionnaire*
– 5-point scale (1-no negative impact at all – 5 – very negative impact)
Subscales: Life satisfaction, values and attitudes (5); Standard of living and
future plans (5); Well-being and relationships (5)
– Alpha mothers =.90, alpha fathers=.92
• Social Support Questionnaire*
– 10 items, 4 -point scale; self perceived social support
– Alpha mothers =.89, alpha fathers=.90
• DASA Questionnaire*
– 4-point scale; Subscales: Depression (10) Aggressiveness (13), Self-esteem
(5); Anxiety (11)
– Depression alpha mothers =.79, alpha fathers=.79
– Agressivnesss alpha mothers =.85, alpha fathers=.88
* Developed by: Lugomer Armano, Kuterovac Jagodić, Keresteš & Brković, 2006
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Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Negative impact of war on parents in war less and more
affected areas of Croatia
Less war affected regions
More war affected regions
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3
2
1
0
Mothers
Fathers Mothers
Well-being and
relationship
Fathers
Life satisfaction,
values, attitudes
Mothers
Fathers
Standard of living and future
plans
Wilks’ Lambda = .92 F=10.1 p =.000
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8th Alps-Adria Psychology Conference, October 2-4, 2008,
Ljubljana, Slovenia
Mothers
Fathers
Total impact of war
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Negative effects of the war on
Croatian mothers and fathers
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Fathers
Mothers
• Mild negative war
effects, stronger for
fathers than mothers
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2
• Among fathers stronger
impact of the war
among less educated;
and older
• Among mothers neither
age or educational
differences
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0
Standard of living
and future plans
(p<.001)
Life satisfaction,
values, attitudes
(n.s.)
Well-being and
relationships
(p<.001)
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Ljubljana, Slovenia
Total impact of war
(p<.001)
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Descriptive statistics for study variables and
parental gender differences
M
Mother's Positive parenting
3,45
Father's Positive parenting
3,18
Mother's Negative parenting
1,76
Father's Negative parenting
1,80
Mother's Parenting satisfaction
1,94
Father's Parenting satisfaction
1,92
Mother's Depression
1,48
Fathers Depression
1.34
Mother's Aggressiveness
1,52
Father's Aggressiveness
1,61
Mother's Social support
3,33
Father's Social support
3,22
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Range
sd
1-4
,36
,44
1-4
,43
,42
1-4
,54
,55
1-4
,30
,35
1-4
,41
,45
1-4
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,46
,47
t
16,60***
2,41*
0.46
10,20***
3,84***
5,99***
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To what extent some child’s
demographic characteristics,
indicators of parental mental health
and contextual sources of stress and
support explain parenting behavior
and satisfaction?
HRA in 4 steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.
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child’s age & gender
total impact of war
parental depression and aggressiveness
parental self perceived social support
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Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Hierarchical regression analysis results for
Positive parenting
Fathers
Positive parenting
∆R2
1. Child’s demographic
β
.009+
Mothers
∆R2
β
.009
Age
-.10**
-.09+
Sex
.01
.04
2. Impact of war
.042***
3. Mental health
.117***
-.02
(-.20***)
.004
.06
.106***
Depression
-.16**
-.12**
Aggressivness
-.17***
-.16**
4. Social support
.063***
.27***
.043***
R
.481
.402
R2 adj
.224
.154
F
32.14***
20.69***
.23***
*** p<.0001 ** p <.001 ** p <.01 + p <.05; boys =1
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8th Alps-Adria Psychology Conference, October 2-4, 2008,
Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Hierarchical multiple regression analysis results for
Negative parenting
Fathers
Negative parenting
∆R2
1. Child’s demographic
β
.004
Mothers
∆R2
β
.005
Age
-.06
-.04
Sex
-.04
-.05
2. Impact of war
.034***
3. Mental health
.173 ***
.00
(.19***)
.026***
.01
(.16***)
.254***
Depression
.10+
.14**
Aggressivness
.37***
.44***
4. Social support
.001
-.04
.001
R
.461
.535
R2 adj
.205
.279
F
28.84***
42.87***
-.03
*** p<.0001 ** p <.001 ** p <.01 + p <.05; boys =1
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8th Alps-Adria Psychology Conference, October 2-4, 2008,
Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Hierarchical multiple regression analysis results for
Parenting satisfaction
Fathers
Parenting
satisfaction
∆R2
1. Child’s demographic
.004
Age
.081***
3. Mental health
.172***
β
.001
.01
.07+
2. Impact of war
.07
(-.29***)
.03
.019***
.01
(-.14***)
.210***
Depression
-.34***
-.27***
Aggressivness
-.08
(-.11+)
- .20 ***
4. Social support
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∆R2
- .03
Sex
*** p<.0001
** p <.001
** p <.01
+ p <.05;
boys =1
β
Mothers
.032***
.19***
.012**
R
.538
.493
R2 adj
.283
.235
F
43.13***
33.69***
8th Alps-Adria Psychology Conference, October 2-4, 2008,
Ljubljana, Slovenia
.12***
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Mediational analysis of the relation between war, parental mental
health indices and positive parenting
(procedure: Baron & Kenny, 1986)
Parental
Mental Health
Problems
+
War
-
Mother’s
Depression
.39***
-.20***
(-.08*)
War
-.05
(.02)
Positive
Parentin
g
- .30***
(-.31***)
Father’s
Depression
.27***
-
- .35***
(-.32***)
Positive
Parenting
Mother’s
Aggressiveness
- .30***
(-.30***)
Father’s
Aggressiveness
.28***
.36***
-.20***
(-.09*)
War
- .35***
(-.33***)
Positive
Parenting
-.05
(.02)
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8th Alps-Adria Psychology Conference, October 2-4, 2008,
Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Mediational analysis of the relation between war, parental mental
health indices and negative parenting
(procedure: Baron & Kenny, 1986)
Parental
Mental Health
Problems
+
War
Mother’s
Depression
+
+
Negative
Parentin
g
.39***
Father’s
Depression
.27***
.39***
.15***
(.03)
War
.13***
(.02)
(.39***)
.34***
(.34***)
Mother’s
Aggressiveness
Negative
Parenting
.47***
(.49***)
Father’s
Aggressivenes
.28***
.36***
.15***
(.02)
War
.42***
(.43***)
Negative
Parenting
.13***
(.00)
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8th Alps-Adria Psychology Conference, October 2-4, 2008,
Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Mediational analysis of the relation between war, parental mental
health indices and parenting satisfaction
(procedure:Baron & Kenny, 1986)
+
Parental
Mental Health
Problems
War
Mother’s
Depression
Parenting
Satisfactio
n
-.44***
Father’s
Depression
.27***
.39***
-.28***
(-.12***)
War
-.12***
(.00)
(-.45***)
-.46***
(-.42***)
Parenting
Satisfactio
n
Mother’s
Aggressiveness
Father’s
Aggressiveness
.28***
.36***
-.28***
(-.16***)
War
-.12***
(.02)
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-.43***
(-.42***)
8th Alps-Adria Psychology Conference, October 2-4, 2008,
Ljubljana, Slovenia
-.39***
(-.31***)
Parenting
Satisfactio
n
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Conclusions
• Parents reported mild negative influence of the war mostly
on their living standards and future plans, less on life
satisfaction, values and attitudes and the least on
personal well being and relationships with others
• Parental mental health is the strongest predictor of
parenting behavior and satisfaction
• After controlling for child’s demographics war explains 28% of the variance of parenting behavior and satisfaction
• War has both direct and indirect effect on parenting via
parental mental health
• Social support is related to positive parenting and
parenting satisfaction, but not to negative parenting
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8th Alps-Adria Psychology Conference, October 2-4, 2008,
Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Thank you!
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Ljubljana, Slovenia
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