Transcript Israel - PBworks

Israel and Palestine
The Birth of Zionism
• The drive to reestablish a Jewish
homeland in the Land of Israel
1. The ancient religious dream of
return
2. The wave of nationalist
enthusiasm that was sweeping
Europe
3. The threat of anti-Semitism &
physical dangers to Jews
The First Zionist Congress
• Held in 1897
• The congress was organized by
Theodor Herzl (Herzl wrote The
Jewish State, that argued that Jews
must have their own independence)
• This attempt was known as political
Zionism
–The attempt to achieve statehood
through political support of
superpowers
Balfour Declaration
• In 1917 the British issue the Balfour
Declaration
• Balfour Declaration supports a Jewish
national home in Palestine
• Palestine was British mandate after
WWI
Immigration
• Basic premise of Zionism - Jews could
not rely on others if they were to fulfill
the dream of an independent state.
• The most critical form of Zionist activity
was immigration and settlement of the
land.
• 1882-1939 – Jews began to immigrate
to Palestine (formed kibbutzim)
A bilingual poster
in Romanian and
Hungarian
promoting
a film about
Jewish settlement
in Palestine,
1930s:
Toward
a New Life
(in Romanian)
The Promised Land
(in Hungarian)
Immigration continued
• 1939 – British adopted “White Paper”
that forbade any further purchase of
land by Jews in Palestine & restricted
immigration 75,000 total over 5-yr
period
• Was adopted after failure of
conference between Jewish and
Palestinian delegations
• Balfour Declaration repudiated
Immigration continued
• Jewish people left Europe because of
persecution and settled in Palestine
• Numbers really increased after WWII.
• UN Partition 1947 - Territory of
Palestine is divided by UN to provide
a homeland for the Jewish people
after WWII.
• 1948 Israel declares itself an
independent nation.
1948
State
of
Israel
created
The Army & Military Experience
• Numerous terrorists attacks had
occurred between 1936-1939 due
to Arab hostility towards Jewish
settlers
• Arab countries object to Israeli
independence and declare war on
Israel
The Army & Military Experience
• 1948 - 750,000 Palestinians are
driven from or leave their homes and
villages at the start of the war
between Israel and the Arab
countries (settle in refugee camps on
West Bank or other Arab nations)
• 1948-1949 – The first Arab-Israeli
war, Israel repulsed invasions by
Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Syria & Lebanon
1956 Sinai Campaign – Suez
Crisis
•A war fought in Egyptian territory. In
response to Egypt’s moves to
nationalize and take control of the
Suez Canal,
•Israel, British and French troops
invade. The Soviet Union threatens to
intervene on Egypt’s behalf. The U.S.
feared a larger war and forced the
British and French army to withdraw.
Formation of the Palestinian
Liberation Organization (1964)
• Formed to take up the war
against Israel – nationalistic
• Set up as an umbrella
organization to join various
Palestinian groups that had
formed in Arab areas
Formation of the Palestinian
Liberation Organization (1964)
• Set 2 goals – destroy Israel
and form secular, democratic
state in its place
• Launched guerrilla attacks on
Israeli military targets
• Certain factions used terrorism
Nasser (Egypt),
backed by
other
Arab states,
throws Israel
into the sea.
Pre-1967
War cartoon.
Al-Farida
newspaper,
Lebanon
1967 Six Day War
• The War (AKA the Arab-Israeli
war) started out as a border
dispute – Israel’s Arab neighbors
Egypt, Jordan, & Syria battle
Israel.
• Result of war- Israel seized Gaza
Strip, the Sinai Peninsula, the
West Bank (Jordan) and the
Golan Heights (Syria).
1973 Yom Kippur War
• Started by Anwar Sadat of Egypt to
shake up diplomatic situation, get
Israel to talk
• Arabs catch Israel off guard on a holy
day, take the war to Israel
• Satisfy the demands of honor
• Israel does win, but Arabs
commemorate this war on Oct. 6
• Leads to Camp David peace talks
1973 Yom Kippur War
• Syrian forces attack fortification in
Golan Heights and Egyptian forces
attacked fortifications around the Suez
Canal and on the Sinai Peninsula.
• After three weeks of fighting the
Israeli Defense Force (IDF) was able
to hold the defense and eventually
push them back beyond the original
lines.
1978 Camp David Accords
• Pres. Carter - USA
• Pres. Anwar Sadat - Egypt
• Prime Min. Menachem
Begin - Israel
• Opens Communication
• Framework for Peace
• Egypt first Arab nation to
recognize Israel
1978 Camp David Accords
• Nobel Peace Prize for both Sadat and
Begin in 1978
• Admired in the West
• Anwar Sadat assassinated October 6,
1981
• Targeted by Islamist groups in Egypt
for negotiating with Israel
1987 – The First Intifada
• By 1987, there was mounting
frustration & anger among the
Palestinians, who had been living in
the West Bank & Gaza under Israeli
occupation for 20 years
• The Palestinians had a strong desire
for their own state, independent from
Israeli control
• PLO renounced its goal of destroying
Israel in 1988
1987 – The First Intifada
• The intifada was the culmination of
growing tension and violence between
the Israelis and Palestinians, the
uprising is also known as “the war of
stones”
• As a result – The Palestinians had
global recognition as a people, world
media criticized Israel in a way that had
not been done before, the intifada led
to the Oslo Peace Accords
“DAVID v. GOLIATH”
Palestinian boys fight the soldiers
with slingshots and stones
• As violence continued over the
next couple of years, Prime
Minister Yitzhak Rabin decided it
was time to enter into peace
negotiations with the Palestinian
Liberation Organization (PLO)
under the leadership of
Yasser Arafat
1993 Oslo Peace Accords
• Pres. Clinton, Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser
•
•
Arafat negotiate terms for Palestinian Self
Rule
Israel negotiates directly with PLO & Arafat
PLO recognizes Israel’s right to exist
1993 Oslo Peace Accord
• Offered limited self-rule in the West
Bank & Gaza to Palestinians &
withdrawal of Israel from occupied
land (the “territories”)
• PLO becomes Palestinian Authority –
in charge of administration of the
West Bank and Gaza
• Big problems like Jerusalem, the
settlements, status of Palestinian
refugees put off to another time
1995 – P.M. Rabin Assassinated
• 1994 – both Arafat & Rabin win Nobel
Peace Prize
• Rabin assassinated by conservative
Jewish groups
• Benjamin Netanyahu (his
replacement) allowed for
–More Israeli settlements that would
spread into the West Bank & Gaza
• Terrorist activity increased as a
result of the encroachment on
Palestinian self-ruled land
• Israeli “Settlements” in Palestinian
territories
The Turmoil Continues
• Ehud Barak (elected prime minister in
1999) made proposals in 2000 at
Camp David II to Arafat &
Palestinians in exchange for safety
and security.
• Palestinians rejected on the basis of
three issues (Jerusalem, Palestinian
refugees, settlements)
• The situation rapidly deteriorated
2000 - The second Intifada
• Ariel Sharon visits Temple Mount in
Jerusalem (the most disputed piece
of territory) and publicly proclaimed
the area as eternal Israeli territory
(Al-Aqsa Mosque)
• A day after Sharon’s visit large riots
broke out
Jamal and Muhammad al-Durrah prior to being
shot; Khan Yunis, Gaza Strip; September 30, 2000 (France 2)
Jamal and Muhammad al-Durrah prior to being shot;
Khan Yunis, Gaza Strip; September 30, 2000 (France 2)
Jamal and Muhammad Al-Durrah being shot, Image
3; Khan Yunis, Gaza Strip; September 30, 2000
The second intifada
The wreckage of a commuter bus in West
Jerusalem after a suicide bombing on Tuesday,
18 June, 2002. The blast killed 20 people.
The Associated Press.
2002 – 425-mile Israeli Security Wall
in the West Bank (b/c of suicide
bombings)
2006 – War with “Lebanon”
• Hezbollah (terrorist group) militants
fire rockets across border into Israeli
town
• Kidnap Israeli soldiers
• Israel responds with air strikes
• Civilian infrastructure badly damaged
• Casualties include many Lebanese
civilians caught in the middle
• Ends with cease fire brokered by UN
Palestinian Authority
• Mahmoud Abbas,
President of the
Palestinian Authority since
2005
• Leader of Fatah political
party
• Moderate
• Cannot control Gaza,
which has been controlled
by Hamas since 2006
elections – not get along
GAZA 2008
•Hamas lobs
missiles into Israel
•Israel responds
with airstrikes
•IDF ground attack
to route out Hamas
•Civilian casualties
Video on 2008 violence
• http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_
east/jan-june08/gaza_03-03.html
Current Situation
• Violence has escalated in the region
over the past couple of years
• Ariel Sharon (2001-2006) pursued an
aggressive policy, in part because
Palestinians deployed suicide
bombers
• Ehud Olmert (‘06-’09) just as
aggressive
• Netanyahu current Prime Minister
2010 Peace Talks
P.M. Netanyahu, Secretary of
State Clinton, and Mahmoud
Abbas
Palestinian Authority & Hamas
•Since Egyptian Arab Spring –
Egyptian leaders have tried to
broker peace between Abbas and
Hamas leader Khaled Mashaal
•Hamas seen as terrorist
organization